A Midsummer Nights Dream: Book Report :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

 â â â â â â â â â â â â â â      A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare is an Athenian parody. A portion of the characters are pixies, lords, sovereigns, and even lower class individuals. It is evident what timeframe this story is from, as a result of a portion of the things that Theseus, the duke of Athens, and Oberon, the lord of the pixies, state in it. One of these such statements from Theseus is, â€Å" Go, Master of Revels. Work up the Athenian youth to good times, conscious the sprightly and agile soul of gaiety, and all of Athens will celebrate.† Yet another statement discussing the Athenians is spoken by Oberon, â€Å"A sweet Athenian woman is infatuated with a hateful youth. You will know him by the Athenian pieces of clothing that he wears.†      In this story the lower class individuals are called mechanics. Prior to this story numerous individuals may have figured a repairman must be some who dealt with vehicles professionally. Kid, were they ever off-base. The mechanics in this story are far to stupid to ever chip away at anything. They even figure out how to transform a Greek disaster into a satire, as a result of their absence of acting aptitudes. One such character is Bottom, a line that he has to state is assume to be not kidding and tragic, however he transforms it into something interesting due to the manner in which he says and acts it. â€Å" Thus kick the bucket I, subsequently, consequently, in this manner. Presently I am dead. I kick the bucket, bite the dust, kick the bucket, bite the dust, die,† but then he doesn't pass on for a long while.      Some changes that the characters made all through the play were very intriguing. Puck, a sort of malice pixie, pulls a prank on his sovereign Tatania. He changes Base, a mechanical, into a jackass and makes Tatania fall in frantically enamored with him. After a short time he chooses to let her see what she was entirely love with and she begins to shout. It’s very entertaining that a pixie could be so detestable. In the various stories that are ever perused describe pixies as pleasant things that award wishes and such. Who could ever imagine that they would pull crewel pranks on individuals like that. Puck likewise puts a kind of affection mixture according to Lysander and Demetreuis to make them begin to look all starry eyed at with Helena rather than Hermia. Which likewise a detestable arrangement.      This book was extremely fascinating to peruse. There are some extremely intriguing things to be gained from this book.

7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise You

7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise You This Monday, September third is Labor Day, in the United States. Families the nation over will celebrate with grills, picnics, games, and exercises on the sea shore. It’s our last chance to appreciate the summerâ beforeâ it closes. This is the thing that Labor Day has generally been known for. Nonetheless, the historical backdrop of Labor Day is somewhat more perplexing thanâ picnics and grill festivities. Here are some intriguing realities about Labor Day that you probably won't have known were valid. Certainty #1The first Labor Day happened on September 5, 1882 in New York City.Fact #2Oregon was the main state to make Labor Day an official occasion in 1887.Fact #3The holiday’s inceptions stem back to the 1800s when the normal American worked 12-hours every day, 7-days per week. Kids ages 5-6 worked in production lines and mines.Fact #4People abstained from wearing white apparel after Labor Day as it informally denoted the finish of summer.Fact #5Labor Day started i n Toronto, Canada in 1872 however immediately advanced toâ the United States.Fact #6Labor Day started as an exhibition for laborers rights yet is currently observed as a chance to commend the most recent day of summer.Fact #7In different nations, May first (May Day) is the day working individuals are respected. Most of Europe observes May Day.Sources: [Forbes, DoSomething.org, CNN]

Tesco Fresh and Easy Free Essays

I trust Tesco: â€Å"Fresh Easy† Supermarkets will be fruitful. The Fresh Easy name flags the two things it needs customers to consider it for: newness and comfort (Horovitz, 2007). Tesco continually re-implements this message on the Fresh Easy Homepage; individuals need new and sound food decisions; they need things to be simple, Tesco gave only that its line of grocery stores. We will compose a custom article test on Tesco Fresh and Easy or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Tesco markets found a specialty that United States retailers had not concentrated on, advantageous quick access to new, sound cost reasonable characteristic nourishments. It is something numerous Americans have hung tight years for. Just as being advertised as a Fresh Easy grocery store, it is additionally promoted as a vitality proficient association which in this period of vitality and asset preservation adds to its allure. The markets use proficient hardware in their stores and activities (Recruiting, 2007). Stores are intended to utilize 30% less vitality than average markets its size, and reusing is a need. New Easy has been a friend in need occupant for some, engineers, eating up 14,000 square foot lumps of old space and dim medication stores (Retail, 2009). Its passageway into the United States was the first run through Tesco entered a nation without a supercenter position. Tesco would not like to become like Wal-Mart. Tesco propelled its United States Operations with a little organization neighborhood supermarket under the Fresh Easy name to separate its image from its rivals. The general stores are moderately little, at around 10,000 square foot. New Easy stores target clients in low to center salary areas. Tesco is wagering that there is an interest for littler stores nearer to home with less items, making it simpler to discover things. The stores are put close to open transportation. A considerable lot of them are close or inside underground and railroad stations, making it simple for suburbanites to fly into a store and snatch a supper on their way home. Their publicizing effort incorporates references to earth amicable bundling and food liberated from counterfeit hues, flavors, and trans fats. The chains purchase no TV or paper promotions. At the point when it enters a market, it sends $5 coupons to zone occupants. The stores are loaded with large names and in-house brands and offer more arranged courses and side dishes than ordinary grocery stores (Semeuls, 2007). Their claim to fame is in arranged yet not solidified nourishments, everything looks new. Everything is pleasantly repackaged in well disposed pastel hues, straightforward illustrations, and lowercase textual styles. The stores are not over whelming. They look more current and complex than most general stores. The isles are wide and signs are unmistakably composed. There is splendid lighting and an uncluttered feel. Foods grown from the ground are flawlessly introduced. There is a suddenly low cost on things. Concentrating essentially on California now, Fresh Easy is moving toward the market as a â€Å"critical mass† store technique in California, Arizona and Nevada. This methodology is to find a â€Å"critical mass† of stores in a given area, like the Starbucks’ Walgreens’ system (Fresh, 2008). In doing this, shopper mindfulness is expanded and showcasing and publicizing costs utilized. From a situating point of view, it endeavors to turn into the legitimate or defacto neighborhood food merchant in the locale, to some extent by ethicalness of having such a large number of stores in the region (Fresh, 2008). The progression of online data innovation has been a significant impetus for the ongoing multiplication of dissemination deals directs in food retailing. Albeit numerous channels empower organizations to arrive at buyers quicker and in various market sections, they present difficulties to incorporate channel strife and estimating strategy for the various channels. This could profit shoppers by organizations diminishing costs to remain serious. American stores have focused principally on attempting to make cost out of their flexibly chains. Merchandise are moved many miles to keep them modest. This has urged markets to make two sorts of nourishments: dependable I. e. ried, canned, solidified, or in any case saved and that which is set up from crude fixings on location. English food retailers since stores can be little to such an extent that they need to change from offering sandwiches at noon to selling readymade dinners toward the evening have practical experience in standard successive conveyances to city stores. Their gracefully chains are increasingly complex. Tesco is a trend-setter with its flexibly chain. Tesco assembled a disse mination community. Combined with accomplice Wild Rocket Foods, Tesco chose U. S. produce merchants as providers. Tesco uses trucks with half breed refrigeration vector units with inside segments for solidified, chilled and normal products. All Fresh Easy trailers incorporate programmed refrigeration shut-off when ideal temperature is reached inside the cooling chamber just as a total motor shut-off once stopped at the stores. Electrical reserve innovation limits the effect on nature by utilizing no fuel to run refrigeration units on the trailers while stopped at the dissemination community. Tesco could supplant three conveyances with one. This makes it conceivable to sell food supplies productively in little stores at market costs. Tesco makes new and simple accessible to the clients, yet they additionally made the clients some portion of the answer for progress. The Tesco plot sends markdown vouchers to clients urging them to return. It tracks each buy to fabricate one of the world’s biggest databases. This discovers relationships between's buys permitting Tesco to finely tune the item go in each store. I would dare to state that Tesco is in good shape to progress with its wide blend of new food that is exceptionally client arranged and entirely open. With the stores in nearby neighborhoods and at very easy to understand cost, these area focused on stores will succeed. . References Freshandeasy. com (2008). Freshandeasy. com. Seen at freshandeasy. com February 19, 2009. New Easy Buzz. (2008, March 8). Recovered February 19, 2009, from http://www. freashneasybuzz. blogspot. com. Horovitz, Bruce (2007 November 08). English basic food item chain hits America with new thoughts. Recovered February 19, 2009 from https://www. usatoday. com. Selecting trail at Fresh Easy. 2007, July 22). Recovered February 19, 2009, from http://www. freshandeasy. com/blog/2007/07/enrolling trail-at-new simple. html Semuels, Alana. ( November 9, 2007). English food it’s not customers find new simple a mix of dealer joe’s and Ralphs. Recovered February 17, 2009 from http://articles. latimes. com/2007/nov/09/business/fi-tesco9 RetailChatr; Fresh Easy evolving procedure. (2009, February 04). Recovered February 17, 2009, from http://www. retailch atr. com/2009/02/04/new simple changing-technique Instructions to refer to Tesco Fresh and Easy, Papers

Teenagers Struggling with their Mental Health-Samples for Students

Question: You are a Systems Analyst that is a piece of a venture that is as a rule presently being proposed. Your errand is to build up a Vision Document for this task. Answer: Diagram Adults are not simply the people who experience enthusiastic health issues. Youngsters and youths furthermore experience the evil impacts of the equivalent. In all honesty, most of the cases saw that psychological issue start making in the early age. In the year 2006, the Government of Australia took up an action to offer assistance for those developed 12 to 25. The Department of Health and Aging resources Headspace for dealing with the youthful mental prosperity programs (Rickwood et al., 2014). Adolescents and young adults encountering issues including anxiety, sadness, family issues and sexual prosperity or social bothering get support 24x7. Headspace similarly gives organizations web using its E-stage. In any case, in ask about, it is found that patients encountering their enthusiastic health need to uncover their accounts to the advisors or the pro each time they endeavor to search for treatment for another ace. Social orders with maladjustment are progressively opposed to grant their notions to other people. Subsequently, basic information about the patient stays a portion of the time untold and those creative defects in the treatment (Walsh et al., 2017). Along these lines, another action is required to deal with this condition. Issues with the current system Most of the conditions young adults who have enthusiastic infection doesn't find the solution for their issues from the master they came to (McGorry, Bates and Birchwood, 2013). Along these lines, they try getting help from various specialists to pick in them the one whose treatment suits the patient. Nevertheless, they have to have comparative stories to all of them to cause them to appreciate the issues of the patient better. Of course, it is a test for patients encountering disquiet issue to share their assumptions, and they share close to no information about them and limit themselves (Moore et al., 2015). It decreases the undertakings of the treatment, and the patients wander around with no better game plan. Probability of the proposed system At present, the prosperity department of the organization of Australia is going after the dare to fabricate another system named My Health Record (Rickwood et al., 2015). The new proposed structure will give a planned interface a database in the backend containing all the information about the patient at whatever point the principal event when the individual chooses help concerning their clinical issues. The database will store information about the patient and all the present and remedial issues. Along these lines, it will end up being definitely not hard to bring the therapeutic information of a patient from the national database at whatever point a patient visits any master shockingly (Lawrence et al., 2015). Additionally, the structure will moreover be fit for invigorating progressively inconspicuous components to the restorative issues or the ailment and the narratives of the patient. Focal points of the proposed system The movement of recording therapeutic chronicles will help in various circumstances as discussed impact underneath. The helpful administrations system is at a phase where there are different open entryways, which will change the procedure for clinical prescriptions including Psychiatry. Moment access to information: The social protection data set aside online will be successfully open by affirmed recuperating focuses, pros. The security of the information will be on the patients' hand (Inagaki, Morii and Numata, 2015). Access to the entryway will be all through the world; it will simply require a web affiliation. Patient's settlement: The system will give the customer an interface where the patient will have the ability to put all of the bits of knowledge about self and store information about clinical issues, remedial accounts, information about current drugs (Hemsley et al., 2016). Those will empower the master or mending office to get all the information, excessively paying little mind to the likelihood that the patient reviews all of those events or not. Data Security: The human administrations history will contain an extensive proportion of information about the patient with respect to the patient's up close and personal focal points, family matters that may influence the patient reluctantly to grant to whatever other (Coates and Howe, 2014). Subsequently, the customer will have the control to check and distribute which information is to be bestowed to whom. Security Level: Last anyway not a negligible favorable position of My Health Record system is that by virtue of the emergency, helpful administrations organizations will be given perfect prescriptions by recouping the information or restorative accounts from the My Health Record (Rickwood, Van Dyke and Telford, 2015). In this way, medicates in emergency can be given in like way as showed by the prosperity history. End There is the trustworthy probability of deal of data when data is taken care of on the web. In any case, the open entryway for this system is altogether higher conversely with threats it faces. The most basic thing concerning this setting is that patients encountering anxiety issue feel more quieted to share their tendency recorded as a hard copy conversely with illuminating the experts in regards to the issues. The report presumes that the new system will begin a change in outfitting the patients with most perfect ever drugs. References Coates, D., Howe, D. (2014). The significance and advantages of youth cooperation in psychological wellness settings from the point of view of the headspace Gosford Youth Alliance in Australia.Children and Youth Services Review,46, 294-299. Hemsley, B., Georgiou, A., Carter, R., Hill, S., Higgins, I., van Vliet, P., Balandin, S. (2016). Utilization of the My Health Record by individuals with correspondence handicap in Australia: An audit to illuminate the plan and course regarding future research.Health Information Management Journal,45(3), 107-115. Inagaki, S., Morii, N., Numata, M. (2015). Improvement of a dependable strategy to decide water content by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with the standard expansion technique.Analytical Methods,7(11), 4816-4820. Lawrence, D., Johnson, S., Hafekost, J., Boterhoven de Haan, K., Sawyer, M., Ainley, J., Zubrick, S. R. (2015). The psychological wellness of youngsters and teenagers: Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Planning youth emotional well-being administrations for the 21st century: models from Australia, Ireland and the UK.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(s54), s30-s35. Moore, S. E., Scott, J. G., Ferrari, A. J., Mills, R., Dunne, M. P., Erskine, H. E., ... McCarthy, M. (2015). Weight inferable from kid abuse in Australia.Child misuse neglect,48, 208-220. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Mazzer, K. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2015). The administrations gave to youngsters through the headspace communities across Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia,202(10), 533-536. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2014). Answer headspace-Australia's development in youth emotional wellness: who are the customers and for what reason are they presenting?.The Medical diary of Australia,200(8), 454. Rickwood, D., Van Dyke, N., Telford, N. (2015). Development in youth emotional wellness benefits in Australia: regular qualities over the primary headspace centres.Early mediation in psychiatry,9(1), 29-37. Walsh, L., Hill, S., Allan, M., Balandin, S., Georgiou, A., Higgins, I., ... Hemsley, B. (2017). A substance investigation of the buyer confronting on the web data about My Health Record: Implications for expanding information and attention to encourage take-up and use.Health Information Management Journal, 1833358317712200.

If You Have Bad Credit, a Letter of Explanation Could Help

If You Have Bad Credit, a Letter of Explanation Could Help If You Have Bad Credit, a Letter of Explanation Could Help If You Have Bad Credit, a Letter of Explanation Could HelpA letter of explanation could be the difference between getting your loan application approved and having it denied.This might be surprising to hear, but certain important financial decisions can hinge on something as simple as a letter. That’s right! Letters of explanation are an important part of the lending industry; they allow borrowers to clarify certain items in their financial history, including a bad credit score.Lousy credit can leave you high and dry when it comes to borrowing money, forcing you to use no credit check loansâ€"like cash advances, title loans, and payday loansâ€"when you have a fiscal emergency. And while there are plenty of safe, affordable bad credit loans out there, they wont help if youre looking to rent or buy a home. And thats where one of these letters of could come in handy.What is a letter of explanation?Whoever came up with the name for letters of explanation was a pretty straightforward du de, because that name pretty much says it all. These letters are submitted as a part of a loan application process in order to explain certain aspects of your finances that might otherwise raise a red flag.Letters of explanation are mostly associated with mortgages, because those loans have an incredibly stringent application process. Talk to anyone who’s in the middle of applying for a mortgage or has just finished applying for one and the half-deranged look in their eyes will tell you all you need to know about that.These letters are necessary because sometimes there is more to a particular situation than meets the eye. Sometimes perfectly normal transactions can look suspicious if, for instance, they were done in cash; other times a recent change of job or address will trip up underwriters and require clarification.Basically, lenders just want to confirm that you will be able to afford your loan. Letters of explanation help them get an accurate picture of your finances as they assess your application and decide whether or not to approve you for a loan.And it’s not just lenders either. Remember that many landlords will check your credit when you are trying to rent from them, so a bad credit score could end up costing you that sweet apartment. Writing a letter of explanation to a prospective landlord or rental company can help your chances of being accepted.Not all bad credit scores are created equal.If you have a bad credit scoreâ€"which is generally considered to be any score under 630â€"then it’s probably because you have made mistakes managing your credit. You have likely been missing payments, getting accounts sent to collections, or maxing out your credit cardsâ€"or some combination of all three!In cases like these, where there has been a repeated pattern of mismanagement, a letter of explanation probably isn’t going to do you any good. Your credit score is reflecting your use of credit pretty accurately. A traditional lender like a bank or a mo rtgage company is right to worry. You’ll have to turn your behavior around and build your credit score back up before you can qualify for a regular loan.However, if there are extenuating circumstances that have lead to your score dropping, a letter of explanation could definitely help. Did you end up in the hospital and your medical bills forced you to declare bankruptcy? Or what about a personal loan that you actually paid off but got sent to collections in error? Maybe you moved cities or states for a better paying job, but you had to put those moving expenses on your credit card.There are tons of different scenarios where a one-time situation caused your score to drop. And these are the kinds of scenarios where you’ll want to write a letter of explanation where you lay out the situation andâ€"this part is very importantâ€"make clear why said situation won’t really affect your finances moving forward.One position where a letter of credit is a great idea is when there are err ors on your credit report. If you are having trouble getting those errors resolved, you will for sure want to send a letter explaining the mix-up. After all, it’s quite literally not your fault that this information is lowering your score. To learn more about fixing credit report screw-ups, check out our blog post: How Do You Contest Errors On Your Credit Report?5 tips for writing a bad credit letter of explanation.So, now you know that a letter of explanation can be a useful tool for overcoming a lousy credit score. But a fat lot of good that information will do you without some tips to help you actually write one! Here are five pieces of advice to follow when composing a letter of explanation for poor credit:Be formal: This is a business communication, not an email to your mom or a text to your bestie. Date your letter and make sure you sign it at the bottom. Also, avoid casual language as much as possible.Be specific: Think of your letter as answering a very specific question a bout your finances. Include relevant dates, dollar amounts and your loan application number (if you have one). If you have documentation, include it. If you don’t, say that you don’t.Be classy: In general, avoid “blaming” other people and companies for what happened to you. Even if what happened to you wasn’t your fault, stick to the “X happened” instead “X did this to me, that stupid jerk.” Take responsibility for the situation and promise better in the future.Be brief: Your letter should only contain information that is absolutely relevant to matter at hand. With a bad credit score, your letter might be a little longer than a letter concerning a single transaction would be, but still: Make your letter as short as possible while still being effective.Be honest: This is crucial. Do not lie and don’t ever exaggerate or twist the facts. That will come back to bite you big time. Make sure you cop to the role you played in the events. The more you come across as a st raightforward, trustworthy person, the better.A letter of explanation isn’t a magic wand that you can wave over a denied loan or rental application and magically get it approved. But it is certainly a useful tool for any person looking to borrow money or rent a home. There are so many parts of the great financial machine that are hopelessly complicated. Letters of explanation, on other hand, are just wonderfully simple.To learn more about living life a lousy credit score, check out  these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Finance a Phone with Bad CreditHow Bad Credit Can Affect Your UtilitiesCan You Have Bad Credit Even With a Good Income?Have you ever had to write a letter of explanation? We want to hear from you! Let us know  on Facebook  and  Twitter.

Working for General Dynamics - 275 Words

Working for General Dynamics (Essay Sample) Content: Working For General DynamicsName:Institution:IntroductionGeneral Dynamics is a multidimensional company ranked position 290 among 500 of the Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Fortune Companies. General Dynamics company majors in four business areas namely aerospace, marines systems, combat systems and information technology systems. The evidence of high ethical standards, innovation, integrity and continuous improvement has been evident in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s operations since its initiation in 1950s (General Dynamics, 2011).Mission StatementGeneral Dynamics Corporation mission is to maintain the highest possible ethical standards in the business industry and employee relations. Its ethical program formally began in 1986 and is applicable to all employees. The company focuses on superior product and service delivery and creation of shareholder value. The company targeted customer base is the military, government departments and other commercial customers. General Dynamics emphasiz es on excellence in strategic and program management as it strives for a continual improvement in its operations (General Dynamics, 2011). The company has focused on its mission statement to produce excellent products and offer innovative services.General Dynamics Organizational StructureGeneral Dynamicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s organizational structure is a hierarchical organizational structure made up of both the Divisional structure and Functional structure. Functional structure of the company includes the Human Resource, Finance, IT department and Marketing among others. The functional design structure is relatively autonomous led by a senior staff reporting to the Departmental managing director (Reiss, 2012). The functional structure in General Dynamics is efficient and in areas where there is a need for functional skills, it acts as an economy of scale.StrategyGeneral Dynamics is strategically aligned which helps the company in ensuring that objectives of the strategic management of the com pany is achieved. Strategic alignment means that the organizational initiatives (such as infrastructure, support, research and operational) are funded in accordance to the organizational strategic objectives. Strategic objectives provide the framework under which strategic management operates (General Dynamics, 2011).Human Resource PracticesThe Human Resource is involved in many roles ranging from strategic planning of General Dynamicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s operations to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s day to day activities. The Human Resource is ...

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The Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 1302 Words

August 15, 1945, Japan announces its surrender to the Allies almost one week after being hit with two atomic bombs. On August 6, 1945 during World War II an American B-29 bomber dropped the world s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city Hiroshima, wiping out 90 percent of the city and killing 80,000 people immediately. Three days later a second B-29 dropped another atomic bomb on the Japanese city Nagasaki, killing around 40,000 people. (The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) The Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings were necessary because it played a vital role in Japan’s surrender to the Allies by inflicting severe damage and fear to Japan. Early in 1939, during World War II, the world’s scientific community has just learned that German physicists have discovered the secrets on how to successfully split a uranium atom and feared that Nazi scientists could utilize the energy needed to construct a bomb capable of mass destruction. American scientists Albert Einstein, and Enrico Fermi believed that the president should be informed of the dangers of the atomic technology in the hands of the Axis powers. Fermi then traveled to Washington to inform government officials, but few shared his uneasiness. Einstein however wrote a note to president Roosevelt urging the development of an atomic research program as soon as possible. President Roosevelt saw neither the necessity nor the utility for the project, but agreed to proceed slowly. In late 1941, The Manhattan Project wasShow MoreRelatedAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki844 Words   |  4 Pagesdropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing nearly 200,000 people. This resulted in Japans surrender in World War II. J. Samuel Walker analyzes this historical event in his book Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs. Over the past 70 years’ extensive research has been conducted and there is an understanding that Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs is inconclusive. It is impossible to determine that the use of the bomb was the quickestRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki884 Words   |  4 PagesFearful cries spread through the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the atomic bombs were dropped. Thousands of people were killed instantly, with the rest left critically injured. Eventually, it was measured that 135,000 people were killed as a result of these bombs. We know that many people were killed. But how and why were the atomic bombs created? Who decided to use them? These questions all contribute to the fact that the atomic bombs impacted the world greatl y. It all started when WorldRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II was a controversial decision that was made by President Truman. On August 6, 1945, President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima and three days later a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. It brought an end to the bloody war in the Pacific after 4 years. Making Japan surrender in the face of unimaginable force and significant destruction on Japan’s soil. Nevertheless, Truman’s decisionRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1515 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb in Japan? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. Japan refusedRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1764 Words   |  8 Pagesmake the decision to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki however, President Truman was ultimately the man who made the final decision to launch ‘Little Boy’ and destroy Hiroshima, Nagasaki and their civilians, thus forcing an end to the war. Although there were many alternatives presented to President Truman, it is unknown as to whether they would have actually succeeded in ending the war or producing less casualties. Truman made the decision to drop these bombs in the heat of war but h is justificationRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1364 Words   |  6 PagesOn the 6th of August 1945 America dropped the atomic bomb by the name of ‘Little Boy’ dropped by the plane ‘Enola Gay’ on the Japanese city, Hiroshima. Three days later on the 9th of August America dropped another bombed called, ‘Fat Man’ on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. A surrender was received and accepted by America on the 15th of August and the war against Japan had ended. Harry S. Truman, the man responsible for dropping the bombs claims it ended the war more efficiently and was in fact theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the extreme devastation, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. The atomic bomb is a weapon unmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. Desperate times call for desperate measures, which is why America chose to unleash its most deadly weapon, the atomic bomb, on Japan. America, who had already fought in World War II for over four years, had no desire to perpetuate the war. When Japan refused to surrender, America was leftRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1074 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different ways in which WWII could have ended. Rather than taking the risk of dropping atomic bombs on Japan, many people believe that one of the alternative options would have been much more sensible. The variety of possible options the U.S. could have taken to finish the war have been analyzed for years. Though Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most controversial and debated topics in history, this researcher believes that he madeRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1998 Words   |  8 Pagesto drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Joon Jung 2/21/16 Word Count: 1848 Section A: Identification and Evaluation of Sources Research Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyedRead MoreAtomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1902 Words   |  8 Pagesthe United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and three days later dropped another on Nagasaki. This was a significate point in history because there has never been a bomb of this magnitude being use in an urban industrial area. Ultimately the use of the atomic bomb resulted in Japan’s surrender, which aided the allies in drawing closer to ending the war against the Axis Powers. Due to the massive destruction industrially and urbanely the use of the atomic bomb has always been questioned.

Stress Reduction - Music is the Best Medicine Essay

Stress Reduction - Music is the Best Medicine Stress is something that I never really came across until college. In high school nothing really mattered to me, I was a very happy go lucky stress free child. I think I really took high school for granted though, I don’t think I took the time to sit down and think about my responsibilities and how they may affect my future. Instead I spent most of my time going out with friends after school and not coming home until late. My weekends were spent mostly drinking and sleeping. I guess I never had time for stress. I was always to busy having fun being a kid. As senior year came along I started dating my current girlfriend. She, unlike I, was very studious, had good grades, and was not†¦show more content†¦I believe that music is something that everyone uses from time to time to relieve stress, it may not be intended for that specific use but in reality it is. I find this important to me, because what would people do without music? It is a proven way to cheer you up, and without it, I think a lot of people would be affected negatively from its absence, especially those with lots of responsibility as those in higher learning. By my use of surveys, interviews, and personal history, I will prove that college kids use music to relive stress, because it places them in a better mood while in times of heavy burden. I used a variety of research methods to further my thesis. I used methods spoke of in class in combination with my own methods, which I thought would help to make this somehow more interesting to read about. My first step was the survey, which can be seen in the first appendix. I created a survey and administered it to 10 people, most of which I knew. My survey deemed great results in favor of my thesis, but I think it could have been different if I had sat in the oak grove and gave it to random people passing thru. I asked questions that were very simple and to the point, nobody took more than a minute doing it. I started out very brief, â€Å"What year are you in college?† and then moved along to more complex but still very simple and intellectual questions. I had oneShow MoreRelated Music And Stress Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pages Music and Stress nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the first week of my self change project I monitored my stress levels and the way music effected the mental and physical aspects of stress. From monitoring this properly, I found that listening to music pleasing to me at the specifically different times I experienced stress did help reduce my internal feelings and physical changes. In carefully studying the various types of stress experienced I concluded that certain types of music more effectivelyRead MoreThe Benefits of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthe best option. However, all over the world, different techniques for curing diseases and aliments are being used. These methods fall under the category of complementary and alternative medicine. According to Sandra Augustyn Lawton in Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Teens, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) can be defined as â€Å"a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine† (LawtonRead MoreEssay about Music As Therapy1222 Words   |  5 PagesMusic As Therapy There was never a question in my mind that music possesses a strong element to help people. It has always been a stress reliever in my life. There is research that supports the belief that music is an instrumental part or impact on a wider realm of physical and mental disorders or disabilities. Music is known to set the mood or atmosphere for all types of situations. There is extensive research completed on this subject. Just take a look around. When you look at a movie it isRead MoreMusic Therapy Essay2769 Words   |  12 PagesMusic Therapy: Is It The Cure To Mental Physical Problems? Music therapy is defined as the skillful use of music and musical elements by an accredited music therapist to promote, maintain, and restore mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual health. Music has nonverbal, creative, structural, and emotional qualities. These are used in the therapeutic relationship to facilitate contact, interaction, self-awareness, learning, self-expression, communication, and personal development  (Source: CanadianRead MoreMy Personal Experience With College1045 Words   |  5 Pagesmake college look like the best years of a person’s life. Television, movies, and even music does a fantastic job glorifying the college experience. Often times, the high stress is never portrayed. Take my school’s statistics on stress for example, 47.9%  of MTSU students reported feeling their stress levels were greater than average over the 12 months prior to completing the survey, and 27.3%  of MTSU students reported their academics were negatively impact ed because of stress (MTSU, 2013). With thatRead MoreProfessional Presence1392 Words   |  6 Pagesother people around them (Dossey). Mind-body medicine uses the power of thoughts and emotions to influence physical health (University of Maryland Medical Center). While I agree that mindset has to be positive for a body to heal faster, the body with proper care and medicine will heal on its own, no matter what the thought process in within the patience’s mind. If the injury or illness the body is inflicted with is treatable with physical aids and medicine, it will heal. When a patient that is suicidalRead MoreBenefits Of A Healthy Potion1513 Words   |  7 Pages it decided to expand and diversify the products to be a leading company in healthy products market by creating the diet pills products. To achieve this version, the business needs to formulate a feasible strategy to succeed in the complementary medicine market.This essay is intended to analyse the use of the 4Ps to help the business and provide recommendations on how to enhance its marketing mix. Product A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumptionRead MoreUsing Music Therapy in the Treatment of Stress and Anxiety Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pageslargest mental health issues that people face is stress and the anxiety that it can cause. It can also be the trigger for many of the physical health ailments that are experienced on a daily basis. Typically a normal response to situations that may be harmful, anxiety helps alert people of danger. But it is when that emotional response is elevated beyond a normal level that prolonged disruption of daily life occurs. As stated in the Journal of Music Therapy, â€Å"anxiety is generally regarded a negativeRead MoreThe Healing Power Of Music1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe Healing Power of Music The Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, defines Alzheimer’s as being the most common form of dementia, occurring in 60% to 80% of people suffering from symptoms of dementia (Clair Tomaino, 2016). The foundation also states that it is an irreversible disease that progresses over time, destroying cognitive functions such as: memory, learning, and language skills. Furthermore it may alter behaviors and mood, cause disorientation, as well as agitation (Clair TomainoRead MoreMusic And Its Effect On The Brain2402 Words   |  10 PagesMusic has a positive affect on mood and behavior through listening to lyrics of music, music therapy, and influence of music. Music has been around for many years, as far back as cavemen. Most Don t know but music has more of a purpose than just mere entertainment. Music is used in many cases as a therapy to help heal people. Music affects many different parts of the brain in a positive way. Music is also used to express pain and sorrow o r other emotions and in many cases magnifies the feelings

Historical Female Leaders Exhibiting Civil Disobedience

Historical Female Leaders exhibiting Civil Disobedience Susan B. Anthony lived in a time, 1820-1906, that lacked equality. Thus, She dedicated most of her life’s time to social issues (Susan B. Anthony†). Anthony was known in history as a suffragist and Women’s Rights activist and is recognized for her demonstration of nonviolent resistance also known as civil disobedience. Civil Disobedience is the refusal to obey governmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective means of forcing concessions from the government (â€Å"Civil Disobedience†). Anthony strived to achieve her goals through practical means, such as Antigone, the leading female character in Sophocles’ fictional play Antigone. Antigone defies the law set by Creon, the King of Thebes. Creon’s decree denies Antigone’s brother, Polyneices, the right to a proper burial which goes against a sacred law in the eyes of the Gods. Antigone’s act of defiance is an example of civil disobedience, which similarly relates to Susan B. Anthony’s actions. Both women are feminist heroes, who are not intimidated by the unjust laws. They fought for what was morally inequitable. Though, the path these two take is strenuous. In Antigone’s case of civil disobedience, Creon punishes her solely because she is a woman. Even more so, she is a woman defying man’s law. Creon close-mindedness fails him in the end, even though he had the time to think about the moral issue Antigone’s rebellion raised. However,Show MoreRelatedSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagesthe SOP conveys a clear message and that it answers the questions who, what, when, and how. The next step is to submit the draft SOP for peer review and supervisory approval. Your SOP will normally be sent through squad leaders, the platoon sergeant, and platoon leader for review. You must always assign a suspense date on their review, so you can complete the SOP on time. The commander s approval makes this document a SOP After you receive suggestions and comments from the peer review and yourRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSelf-Assessment Library How Good Am I at Building and Leading a Team? 308 glOBalization! Group Cohesiveness across Cultures 314 An Ethical Choice Using Global Virtual Teams as an Environmental Choice 315 Myth or Science? â€Å"Teams Work Best Under Angry Leaders† 320 Self-Assessment Library What Is My Team Efficacy? 322 Point/Counterpoint We Can Learn Much About Work Teams from Studying Sports Teams 326 Questions for Review 327 Experiential Exercise Fixed versus Variable Flight Crews 327 Ethical Dilemma

Narrative Written in the Perspective of a Holocaust Victim Free Essays

Margot Heuman February 17, 1928 Hellenthal, Germany http://www. museumoftolerance. com/site/apps/nlnet/content2. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Written in the Perspective of a Holocaust Victim or any similar topic only for you Order Now aspx? c=tmL6KfNVLtHb=5759983ct=7872847 In early 1942, 14-year old Margot and her family were arrested, being sent to the Theresiestadt ghettos in Czechoslovakia. Her family was not separated until later when they were transported to Auschwitz. Seen One Day, Gone Another I’ve become emotionless, knowing the events that occur around me. Living in the ghettos in 1942 is hell; for me and everyone here, our lives have become a routine of slave labor and starvation. My sister and I work hard to produce anything our ruthless enemies want, in the hopes of getting another ration of bread. They work us to the bones in the factory till dusk. After being outrageously worn out, sweating away our lives at the factory, my stomach screams of hunger. Like a pack of starved lions being released and set toward their favorite prey, I feel the hunger boiling inside of me. I rush toward the already-forming line for nutrition. I reach the front of the line, grabbing a single slice of bread- the only dinner we are allowed. As I chew the tiny slice, I can sense the dry sourdough bread scratching my throat, like sand paper to wood. The pain that overtakes my body is unbearable, yet the thought of my beating heart that still circulates brings me joy; after all, this could be my last day alive. Standing with my family, we talk of the old days; the days when we were not starving for air or food, the days back in Hellenthal, Germany, â€Å"I miss your cooking, Momma. Your food always makes me happy. † said Lore, with as much breath as her body can allow, for her breath is weak and stained with smoke. She is the youngest in my family, making it hard to explain to her what is happening in her life. Being fifteen, even I understand the serious changes that have been made to our lives. â€Å"I know darling, don’t worry. You are here with us. Everything is alright. But you have to understand, life is different now. Things most likely will never return to the way they once were,† my mom’s words remind me of the life I will never see again. My body fills of distress. â€Å"Yes, my young Margot, my dear Lore, your mother and I do not plan to leave either of you anytime soon. We are here with you through this, we promise,† my dad agrees as we finish our bread. As I lay in my bunk that night, my thoughts are nothing but hateful, expect for when I think of what my parents told me at dinner, that only fills me with depression. What does Hitler know? All he has created is a world of death. My thoughts only connect to my hatred for him. Why did he do this to us? What have we done to him to deserve such grand torture? As I think of the reasons why he would plan such an event, I feel my body sink into my bunk, falling into an intense slumber, afraid for the next day’s events. Praying for another day alive- I fall into a deep sleep that is only due to my over-worked body. ~~~~~~~ As I wake up the next morning, I feel the sun beaming down on my skin. Feeling my body decaying, my skin burns at the sight of the large sun through the wood planks of our prison. Once the entire camp is awake, I hear Franz, the general of our camp scream the words that always send shivers down my spine, â€Å"SELECTION TONIGHT! † he barks to us all, in the harshest tone I have ever heard from him. I feel the entire camps collective gasp. As everyone falls into a fit of worry, I gallop to find Lore through the hundreds of children who ponder their existence. I find my fragile sister huddled in the corner, scared for her life- she is trembling. I run to her aide knowing she needs me at her side. After finding her, the SS guards scream for order and silence. We jump from our places when we hear the barking demands, afraid of the blows that would come from their mallets if they find need to yell again. We both run out together to find mom and dad. Once we found the other remaining members of our family, we wait to find new directions from our camp leaders. â€Å"I wonder what’s going to happen. It always scares me when we have selections. † Lore confesses to us as we wait to be told where to stand. Franz’s harsh words brought us unwanted fright throughout the next couple minutes. We are constantly scared for our well-beings, but on the days of selections, our worries triple. Who had I seen for the last time at the factory yesterday? Who from my past life, will be taken to the afterlife? These and many other thoughts rack my brains until I find the ultimate fear: Is this my turn? Will they call my number, and it will be my last day? As the sun light glistens in the distant sky, my family and I decide to pray before the selection begins, but right as my father begins the starting words of the prayer, there is a loud commotion. Thunderous screaming came from Franz and the guards. The selection is beginning earlier then we had expected. We jump into our formation as quickly as possible. I keep Lore close to me, thinking it would help our chances. Mom is being pushed toward the adult women line, and dad is directed over with the men. I feel my heart ripping at the seams. Suddenly, I could feel Lore trembling in my arms, â€Å"Don’t worry. Everything will be fine. † I assured her as a bend to whisper in her ear. I pray my words of comfort are correct. Before the selection starts, Franz explains that the ghettos are being completely demolished. He proclaimed that there will be a train departing at the end of selection, leading the selected to a new concentration camp: Auschwitz. We all wonder what horrors or dreams take place this camp. Is it anything like here? There are only two options, Auschwitz or death. Which is better, God? To begin selection, the general screams orders to the men, telling some of them to get on the train, and others to file into another line. That line is the one that no one wants to join, the line that leads to the walk of death. As the women are selected, the anxiousness in my chest begins to race. It is almost our turn. I can’t see what is happening to the adults, and I definitely can’t see my parents anymore. I have no clue where my parents have been sent. The general finishes with the women, and slowing his strides aim towards us, the poor defenseless children. It all happens so quick, everyone is selected at a rapid pace; Lore and I are still in working-shape, so we are sent on the train, lucky to live one more day. Many of our friends have been brought to the train also, which is a blessing. As we settle into our spots on the train, I feel a sharp tug on my ragged t-shirt, it was Lore, â€Å"Where are mommy and daddy? † Her simple and worried question sent me into a downward spiral. Lost in my happiness at surviving, I had forgotten to check on the whereabouts of my parents. Increasing my worry I quickly look around the train, for any sign of them. They aren’t here. There aren’t anywhere. There were only two lines created at the selection, one for Auschwitz and one for†¦. I suddenly realize where they had vanished to. I feel heart drop to the bottom of my soul: they are gone. Never to be seen again. Never to laugh with again. Never to see their smiling faces when I wake up in the morning. Never to run to them when in need. Never to provide protection. As I realize what the circumstances that surround me, I feel Lore’s presence on my side as she waits for an answer. How do I explain to her that she will never see them again? How do I explain that she will never taste the appetizing dishes mom would set on her placemat at dinner? How do I explain she will never play baseball with dad in the yard again? How? But, under my depression, I can’t help but feel a glimpse of relief, for my sister and I are still alive and together. As tears stream down my eyes, I realize Lore will always need me at her side. Yet I also know, she must now hear some of the hardest words, she will ever hear. I clear my throat to portray a sense of composure, to tell of the events that have happened within the last twenty minutes. As I begin the tale, the train’s horn blows and I can see the sun setting in the distance out the window of the train. Just twenty-four hours ago, I was standing with my parents talking about how they will always be there to help us. Now I’m left in charge. As I build up the courage to take on this new-found responsibility, I feel the train slowly begin our ride, our newest journey, to Auschwitz. How to cite Narrative Written in the Perspective of a Holocaust Victim, Essays

Hitchcocks Influence on Other Films free essay sample

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the influence of director Alfred Hitchcock on other films. This paper examines many movies from the past decades and shows how Hitchcock concepts have influenced the content and style of various movies. It shows that not only suspense movies have been influenced by this style. Some movies examined are Monty Python and the Holy Grail, Spielbergs `Close Encounters of the Third Kind,` and the Scorsese film `Cape Fear.` `MacGuffin (n.) 1. In a film, a plot device whose sole purpose is to set the action in motion, such as a suitcase with unknown contents. Often, the MacGuffin turns out to be a decoy, causing men to make fools of themselves in pursuit of futile ends. Word origin: Coined by Alfred Hitchcock, 1939 (Enders). Hitchcocks influence on filmmakers still exists today. For example, the recent movie Rat Race uses a MacGuffin to set the entire movie action. We will write a custom essay sample on Hitchcocks Influence on Other Films or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The MacGuffin is the race; set up by the hotel owner that pits six groups of contestants against each other for $2 million dollars. `

Citibank Performance Evaluation free essay sample

In today’s society consumers want it quick, fast, in a hurry and they are not willing to wait. Customers are becoming more demanding and critical when not having their expectations met. It is important company adjusts to the ever changing attitudes and expectation of customers in the market place. Therefore it is a must for company to satisfy their customers. Customers’ satisfaction is the key to the success of any company. James McGaran is the manager in the Financial District office at Citibank; locate in the Los Angeles area. Citibank is a niche player and pride themselves on building a profitable franchise by providing relationship banking combined with a high level of service to its customer† (Harvard Business School. 1997, pg. 1). Mr. McGaran is an exceptional manager and his performance exceeds expectations with the exception of customer satisfaction. Mr. McGaran scored â€Å"below par† on customer satisfaction. It a must Mr. McGaran take correction actions to improve customer satisfaction in his division to bring his rating above par. Describe the approach you would take in your performance feedback session with James. What would you say, in what sequence would you say it, and what information would you reference to back up what you are saying? The approach I would take in my performance feedback session with James is to conduct a one-on-ones session. I would make sure the performance feedback session is a two-way conversation. I will share my insights as well as listen. Organization goals My feedback session will begin with discussing the organization’s focus, short and long-term goals for the future. I will present James with details, information and reports that I will discuss in the meeting. I will review James job description and performance areas. James will have an opportunity to comment on his behavior and productivity. Strength I would highlight where James has exhibited exceptional work and I would like to see more examples of this level of work in the future. I would discuss with James how the company is very pleased with the job he is doing with the 31 branches and his performance has exceeded above expectations. â€Å"His financial result for the company is outstanding, with 20% above target and he has generated the highest revenue and made the greatest margin contribution to the business of any branch in the system† (Harvard Business School. 997, pg. 4). In addition, James has managed to delivered impressive financial results for four years in a row. Weakness I would explain to James I am concern about his below par in customer satisfaction. I understand his â€Å"branch is the largest and toughest branch in the division and he has demanding clientele, challenging competition and sometimes it can be difficult t o manager such a diverse set of indicators† (Harvard Business School. 1997, pg. 4). I would give James a chance to comment and voice his concern. I would discuss how valuable the customers are to the company and customer satisfaction is the key to the long term success of his division and our company future. I would also explain, I have outlined the company’s performance expectations and we missed a couple of targets. I will ask James what problem or concerns he has and what he thinks is interfering with customer services. James and I will review them together and come up with an action plan for improvement. This will ensure James that I am working with him and not against him. Career progress I would inform James his career is on the right path and the company knows he is a hard worker and he did improve his customer satisfaction rating last quarter. The company has notice and documented the changes he made in his staff, â€Å"by greeting the customer when they arrive and helping customer with problem† (Harvard Business School, 1999, pg. 4). I would let him know I am please with him taken the necessary steps by implementing meeting and coaching his employees to focus on improving customer satisfaction. Overall he has done a great job and he has a great future with the company and what is his next step to continue to improve customer satisfaction. Wrap Up I would wrap up my performance feedback by mentioning the company’s short and long-term goal. I would explain to James he has a key role in helping the company reach their goals. I would encourage James to continue to work hard at improving his performance levels. I will ensure James I will work with him. Assume that as a result of your extraordinary performance in MBA 6220, Citibank California has employed you as a consultant to improve its performance evaluation system. Using specific information from this course, what changes in their processes and procedures would you recommend? As a consultant to improve its performance evaluation system, I would recommend performance evaluation is given quarterly instead of annually. Jack Welch states, â€Å"The problems with an annual performance review are numerous. If you only do something once a year, you never get good at it. And annual reviews tend to be stressful for reviewers and reviewed alike—not just because it’s such a rare event, but because of when it occurs† (Welch, 2005). By given performance evaluation quarterly employer will have an opportunity to assess their employees’ contributions to the organization and bad behaviors can be quickly address and corrected actions can be taken to insure employees are performing at their best. The performance evaluation system that I would implement will be consistent and fair and will provide a measurement of an employees’ contribution to the workforce, appraisal documentation to protect both the employees and employer. The performance evaluation would consists of quality of work, quantity of work, work habits, attitude, job knowledge and skills, attendance, customer service skills, people skills, ability to motivate, ability to provide direction, overall communication skills, ability to build teams, ability to solve problems, rate the employee overall performance, what he/she area needs improving and recommendation. If there is a category that doesn’t’ pertain to the employee then N/A would be insert in the box. Absolute standard evaluation system I would implement the absolute standard evaluation system, because it assesses employees under different criteria and standards and no comparison is made between employees. This system evaluates the skills and achievements of the employees as well as their communication, behavior and reliability (Howard, 2010). Balanced Scorecard I will use a Balanced Scorecard as performance measures. Balanced Scorecard is â€Å"an approach that utilizes the 4 focus points of performance measurement, Customer, financial, internal process, and learning and growth perspective. The Balance Scorecard aligns business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization; helps improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals† (Balanced Scorecard Basics, 1998). By using this approach management is able to see the big picture of the overall view of the company performance. Benchmarking It is important for a company to know what their competitors are doing. I would use Benchmarking. Benchmarking allows the organization to compare itself with their competitors. 60-degree (Balanced Scorecard Basics, 1998). I would use the 360-degre feedback. 360-degree is feedback that comes from all around an employee. Feedback is provided by subordinates, peers, and supervisor. It also includes a self-assessment and, in some cases, feedback from external sources such as customer and suppliers or other interested stakeholders† (360-Degree 2011). This technique provides employees the opportunity to receive p erformance feedback from supervisor, peers, staff members, coworker and customers. It provides insights on employees’ skills and behaviors. Conclusion In conclusion the primary object for performance evaluations is to provide employers with an opportunity to assess their employees, make sure they are performing to the best of their abilities, to provide employees with feedback on what is expected of them and to ensure that goals are being met in an effective and efficient manner. That why it is important to implement a good performance evaluation. Companies must keep in mind when implementing a performance evaluation system it should be consistent and fair, and provide a measurement of an employees’ contribution to the workforce.

Sample Essay With Thesis Statement

Sample Essay With Thesis StatementA sample essay with a thesis statement can be the answer to many people's prayers. Perhaps a student has needed help in the preparation of a thesis statement, as well as general information that could assist them in completing their work. An examination is required as part of the application process for college. With that said, it is important that students are prepared and have some sort of sample essay to use while studying the basic structure and content of a dissertation.The main point of a sample essay with a thesis statement is to help students with regards to the actual content of the essay. It is suggested that they understand the essential parts of the study material and how they can relate to the topic of the dissertation. This allows them to arrive at a conclusion in the paper. This process allows students to learn how to present facts and information in a way that will be appealing to their instructors. They must write essays on topics th at are thought provoking and interesting.Students will be provided with a variety of different subjects to choose from when they write about current issues in society. It is suggested that students begin with a slightly biased opinion that will be a step in the right direction for their future studies. Many college professors prefer to see an essay that is free of any specific opinion, but it is important that students know what their actual opinion is. They must research information and gather information from other sources before coming up with an honest opinion. The student must write an honest opinion that is based on facts and research and not just opinions.The majority of essays written by students are opinion based, which can really be very boring if not kept in check. Students must keep their opinions neutral as well as provide useful information that can benefit their thesis. That being said, the students must keep their opinion from being too broad and confusing.The essay can continue with the introduction paragraph, beginning with the premise that may be based on previous information gathered. After this introductory paragraph, the students are given the introduction and conclusion of the essay. This should go along with the overall outline of the essay and are provided in the order of what the reader should read. The conclusion is the conclusion of the entire essay.In addition to the sample essay with a thesis statement, students are given a conclusion statement which explains what their final result was based on the basis of the essay. This way, students know how their analysis will end up and can discuss what will happen if the conclusion were to be wrong. This is to help students learn about the conclusion part of the essay and how they can write the conclusion in a manner that is pleasing to the reader.While there is no exact formula that can be used in writing a sample essay with a thesis statement, there are a few things that students must re member. A few aspects of the essay should include an introduction, introduction to the thesis, introduction paragraph, conclusion, and conclusion paragraph.

How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version Essay Example

How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version Paper Almost more beautiful than the original-Andrews comment about his own translation of the Agamemnon. This just about sums up The Browning Version- the troubles of a husband struggling with illness and the infidelity of his wife. The Browning Version is the Agamemnon with a twist at the end giving it a very effective anti-climax. The era the play is set in is important to some of the plays points and messages. It is set in post-war Britain sometime around the late 1940s. At this time the country was under rationing and money was very important to the vast majority of the populace. So Taplows stealing of the chocolates at the beginning shows the rationing at the time-he feels bad about taking the second chocolate and puts it back. Public schools were very strict at the time and very backward. They refused to change very much and were very backwards in some cases for example it is never revealed what Taplows first name is; they only called boys by their surnames. This is evident in Andrews conversations the only person he does not call by their surname is his wife, Millie. Also Millies incessant mentioning of her inheritance and her uncle Sir William Bartop is to show that she has money and it is almost a boast. This is her fai ade to improve her social standing and she uses it to imply that she is better off than your average schoolmasters wife. This is evident when the Head says Your wifes remarks had lead me to imagine something a little more extensive. At this time divorce was frowned upon greatly. We will write a custom essay sample on How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Divorcees were ostracised completely from society- for example divorcees were not allowed in the royal enclosure at Ascot and even the late Princess Margaret was not allowed to marry a RAF war hero because he was a divorcee. That is why Andrew says he does not want to do Millie a second grave wrong and why they do not even discuss splitting up or divorce. The divorce would ruin all of Millie aspirations of social climbing and joining the aristocracy. The Browning Version is named after a translation of the Agamemnon, written by Aeschylus as one third of the Oresteia, by Robert Browning (1812-1889). This particular book is given to Andrew by Taplow in the play and plays an integral part in the story. The plot itself contains many similarities to the Agamemnon: a cheating wife, the lack of love between the married couple and the death of a husband. To make it even worse in Millies obvious spite for her husband she tells him all the details of many affairs. Andrew is so worn down by this that he is referred to as dead by Millie This is the killing of Andrew by his wife as is in the Agamemnon and he says later I fear it [the manuscript of his version of the Agamemnon] is lost like so many other things. The so many other things refers to the lack of faith in his wife and the lack of love and joy in his marriage. Personally I think that The Browning Version is a version of the Agamemnon with a change of scenery and a twist at the end. Andrew admits that he himself wrote a version of the Agamemnon when he was a teenager in rhyming couplets and says when I had finished it, I remember, I thought it very beautiful almost more beautiful than the original. Almost, but not quite in my opinion Andrew means that you cannot beat the original therefore numbing the success of the ending of The Browning Version. The characters of The Browning Version are very stereotypical of the times and the setting. Crocker-Harris for example is the characteristic draconian old schoolmaster- by the book to the letter and ruthless. He is built up in the short time of the play to give the impression of a disrespected and unlovable man without feeling, fully deserving of the title the Himmler of the lower fifth as bestowed on him by Frobisher. He changes throughout the second half of the play and we as the audience see him to be pleasant, friendly and bullied by his evil wife. This means that the emotions displayed at the end are all the more surprising and cathartic. His history with Millie is outlined in sketchy little facts linked into the conversations. He has always had a stormy marriage and it has never been fulfilled for either party. Millie hints at all the affairs she has had and she has always told Andrew the sordid details. This has worn Andrew down and he is referred to as dead, an utter failure, a Henpecked husband and he is thought to be by Taplow to be all shrivelled up inside like a nut. Again this makes the ending much more emotional. Andrew believes his life is a subject for farce, but in fact he has misread his life and it is more like a tragedy. He also believes that his life is a common occurrence worldwide. Millie is a social climber and is completely evil. She dashes Andrew feelings about the book with a completely evil comment about it being appeasement so that Taplow can get his remove. She is so mean to him to the point of resentment because he cant provide her with what she needs and she is a free spirit. She has to find this kind of love through other channels for example affairs. Frank is typical of young teachers- lively, vigorous and liked by the boys in his care. In the 1994 film version he is made to be American; a rarity in the time period and it makes him even more of a wildcard. But Frank changes over time to regret his actions with Millie and suddenly sees her true colours and recognizes that Andrew is in fact a very admirable person indeed. Taplow the epitome of a schoolboy, a lively character and he recognizes that the Crock is not liked. He notices Andrewss fai ade and sees through it and furthermore admires him for what he is worth. There are two film versions of The Browning Version one made in 1951 by Anthony Asquith, staring Michael Redgrave as Andrew, and a 1994 version directed by Mike Figgis, with Albert Finney in the leading role. Both are very good in their own respects but they both change a good deal in their adaptations. The 1951 version is closer to the original in the plot and setting . The end is similar to the 1994 version with Andrew making a triumphant speech at prize day after Fletcher and providing the several minutes of applause the head master predicted while winning the respect of the boys. The 1994 version is set in a slightly different time but is similar in many ways to the 1951 version. The endings of these are cathartic and the audience goes away feeling very pleased that Andrew has finally done something to please himself and gained the respect of his pupils. On the stage it is kept nicely in a one room set and there are no scene changes making it very compact. It manages to cram a lot of information into a very small time without leaving the audience asking background questions about the play. It leaves the audience pleased that the underdog has come out on top but still asking questions in the backs of their minds about what happens next. The ending is calm and simple compared to the other emotional and physical turmoil of the previous conversations making it very successful in not leaving the audience weary of the characters. The stagecraft is simple and easy to carryout and therefore works to not confuse or change the perspective of the audience. I doubt its effectiveness for a group of teenagers in this modern world of loud music and huge climaxes, but I myself then must be an exception. In their opinion, The Browning Version is very dull, slow and boring play indeed but I actually enjoyed reading this play. It is very effective to the Aunt Ednas of the audience as Terrence Rattigan himself used to call them. The name Edna conjures the image of middle aged women of a certain upbringing and social standing. A tragedy is a play ending with a serious action such as death or defeat in a crescendo of sorrow. The Browning Version almost accomplishes this but accomplishes an anti-climax instead, with the audience expecting the cathartic ending of a tragedy. The tragic themes and motives of The Browning Version are occasionally cut with humour; most of the time provided by Taplow, for example are his golfing skills and his impressions of the Crock. Andrew claims that an anti-climax can be very effective and this is true of The Browning Version in these circumstances. The way the anti climax is executed and the preamble to it makes it a very successful way of ending the play. The ending is kept under wraps in a very simple and straightforward way with the ambiguity of a telephone call, which is very anonymous. At the very end, the meal is almost the picture of an ideal marriage but with a twist of bitterness in the expression on the face of Millie. As The Browning Version is based on a tragedy it could have ended like one, but it does the reverse and finishes in the way you would least expect if you had no knowledge of the play beforehand. If it had ended like a tragedy would likely be less successful in its message and the ending would not mean so much to the audience in the same way. The ending of The Browning Version is a very strange one compared to the other plays I have read or seen, and I find the ending a pleasant surprise. With all things considered, I think the anti-climax is as effective as Andrew claims it to be. Rattigans use of tragedy and anti-climax, and his characters, make the ending of The Browning Version a very good one undeniably.

Letter From Birmingham Jail Analysis essays

Letter From Birmingham Jail Analysis essays Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote the Letter From Birmingham Jail in order to address the biggest issue in Birmingham and the United States at the time. The Letter From Birmingham Jail discusses the great injustices happening toward the Black community in Birmingham. In order to justify his desire for racial justice and equality, Martin Luther King, Jr. uses appeals to emotion, ethical appeals, and logical appeals. The thesis, which is located in the second and third paragraphs, states that although Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is not from Birmingham, he needs to be there because of the many injustices whites do toward Blacks. By helping the people of Birmingham he helps people from everywhere because injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere (Pg. 718). Dr. Kings thesis explains the reason for his involvement in the non-violent direct-action demonstrations. The thesis gives good reason for the Negroes desire to have equal rights. One way that King supports his thesis is by using appeals to emotion. In the Letter From Birmingham Jail King writes of all the terrible things that the whites have done to the Negroes. He also talks about how tough it is on children to learn the discriminations blacks go through: When you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward white people.... (Pg. 720) This use of appeal is very effective because it give the reader an issue which most can relate to. Parents with children can feel the pain...

Don't Leave Home Without an Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Don't Leave Home Without an Education - Essay Example These children have the freedom to study at their own pace, which usually outpaces their public educated counterparts. Moreover, the parents have the opportunity to teach material and coursework that is not offered in the local public school system. Though some may say that children develop more social skills in a classroom setting, this has not been born out by research and in fact has indicated the opposite to be true. The ability to teach your children at their own pace, in a wider array of interesting topics, and cultivate their unique socialization, makes homeschooling a welcome alternative to public schooling. In a classroom setting with 25 other children, the pace of instruction is usually set by the slowest learners. The brighter students are often ignored as they compete for the teacher's scarce time. However, home schooling offers individual instruction designed around the child's interests and abilities. Grade school children can be offered physics, astronomy, and geometry in a setting that makes the introduction to these subjects possible. Subjects usually reserved for middle school can be taught much sooner in a home setting where the student receives the individual instruction that is necessary to excel. Along with learning at a pace that is unhampered by limited teacher attention, the parent and student can decide what subjects to learn.

Report on operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Report on operations management - Essay Example The first floor also has a big supermarket where people can shop for groceries as well as other types of goods. The second floor has a variety of shops ranging from restaurants, electronics shops sports shops etc. The third floor also features the same types of shops. It also contains a banking lobby and the other peculiar shops offering special products. There is an electronic massage parlor located in a public place (not enclosed). The shopping mall has two wings, with an expansive area between the wings. In this area are the elevators and lifts that can be used to reach the various floors. The users also have an option to use the stairs. Every floor has modern toilets. With regard to operations management, volume refers to the volume of productivity in relation to the amount of resources such as labor that are needed for the production. High volume refers to a high ratio of production versus resources needed. Supermarkets such as Tesco have high volume of operation throughput due to use of automation. In the Mall, there are various factors that have made it possible to increase the volume in its operations management. The factors have to look at the following; The shopping mall has to be able to allow for a smooth flow of people in and out of the shopping mall twenty 24 of the day. The guards at the entrance of the mall have to know how to enforce security to deal with any insecurity threat that may be coming into mall and at the same time be able to allow for the smooth flow of human traffic. The supermarket in the mall is not just a small grocery store but is a fully fledged supermarket selling all types of merchandise. The supermarket needs to bring in merchandise into the mall and at the same time, be able to release merchandise after customers have bought the merchandise. The submarket has its own loading area and therefore does not interfere with the traffic flowing into the mall. The

Optimal Extraction Paths of Coal

Optimal Extraction Paths of Coal Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Motivation According to the World Energy Outlook (WEO 2007)[1], global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will increase by 1,8 % per year from 2005 to 2030, and 2 % per year for the period 2030-2050.[2] From 12.446 Mt of CO2 equivalent in 2002, emissions will reach 15.833 Mt in 2030 for OECD countries an average increase of 1,1 % per year. CO2 is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG), which is contributing to global warming. The primary source of the increased atmospheric concentration of CO2 since the pre-industrial period results from fossil fuel use, with land-use change providing another significant but smaller contribution.[3] Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century.[4] According to the Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Energy Agency the power generation sector will contribute to almost half the increase in global emissions between 2002 and 2030, and will remain the single biggest CO2-emitting sector in 2030. In OECD countries, its emissions will rise from 4.793 Mt of CO2 in 2002 to 6.191 Mt of CO2 in 2030, but the share will remain constant.[5] Today, power generation emits 65 % of industrial emissions of CO2 in OECD countries and is likely to become instrumental in countries strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[6] One of such instruments is the Kyoto Protocol. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), more than 180 countries have recognised the need to stabilise the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere, which are causing climate change. The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, was adopted at the third session of the Conference of Parties in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It entered into force on 16 February 2005 with 184 Parties of the Convention who have ratified to date.[7] The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries (including Germany) and the European Community for reducing GHG emissions. These amount to an average of five percent of the 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.[8] The Kyoto Protocol includes specific flexible mechanisms such as Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) for the countries to be able to reach their mandatory emission limits. Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have emission units to spare emissions permitted to them but not used to sell this excess capacity to countries that exceed their targets. Thus, a new commodity was created in the form of emission reduction or removal assets. Since CO2 is the principal greenhouse gas, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. This is known as the carbon market.[9] In European countries the emissions trading system is the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), the largest system nowadays. The CDM, defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission reduction or emission limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement emission reduction projects in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction credits, each equivalent to one ton of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting the Kyoto targets. A CDM project activity might involve, for example, a rural electrification project using solar panels or the installation of more energy-efficient boilers.[10] The JI mechanism, defined in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows a country with an emission reduction or limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to earn emission reduction units from an emission-reduction or emission removal project in another Annex B Party, each equivalent to one ton of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting its Kyoto target. JI offers Parties a flexible and cost-efficient means of fulfilling a part of their Kyoto commitments, while the host Party benefits from foreign investment and technology transfer.[11] Germany is one of the worlds largest energy consumers and ranks third in total CO2 emissions within the G-7, after the USA and Japan.[12] Annually, Germany produces around 850 millions tons of CO2 equivalent gases, which is approximately 2,8 % of all worlds CO2 emissions.[13] On 31 May 2002, the Kyoto Protocol was ratified by Germany. After entering it into force Germany has played an active role in the European and world carbon markets. Electricity production in Germany is largely based on burning exhaustible resources, causing high CO2 emissions. That makes the issue of CO2 trade crucial for German power plants and the economy in whole. In 2008, the total amount of gross electricity supplied in Germany was around 639,1 TWh[14], that is slightly higher in comparison to the previous year. Nevertheless, during last years there is a tendency of increase in electricity supply (See Table 1). The electricity supply in Germany is based on several technologies and fuels. The distribution of net electricity supply in last years in Germany is shown in Table 1. Electricity production in 2008, as in previous years, was based mainly on coal-fired (hard coal and lignite) steam turbine (43,6 %) and nuclear (22,3 %) power plants.[15] Energy source Since the share of the coal based power plants in Germany is large and the amount of electricity produced is still growing, the impact of the CO2 emissions trade on the economy of these plants is very significant. According to data provided by the Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Energy Agency, the price for coal is rising during the economic lifetime of the coal-firing plants.[16] This rise partly can be caused by additional CO2 costs. The largest impact of the emissions trading on the electricity generation cost is felt by the lignite-fired power plants followed by the hard coal-fired power plants, since lignite while burning is producing more emissions than hard coal.[17] With an assumed emission price of 20 â‚ ¬/tCO2 the power generation costs of the lignite-fired power plant would increase by 63 % from 25,4 â‚ ¬/MWh to 41,4 â‚ ¬/MWh, whereas the generation costs with hard coal-fired would rise by 48 % from 30,2 â‚ ¬/MWh to 44,8 â‚ ¬/MWh.[18] The competitiveness of the coal-fired plants is also influenced by including the CO2 prices into the costs. 1 represents marginal cost curve based on the total installed capacity and facilities operating costs for Europe.[19] As can be seen, the addition of CO2 price to the production costs can make coal power plants less competitive. The sequence of most of electricity plants stays the same after addition of 20 â‚ ¬/tCO2 to the costs, though coal based power plants move to the side of less competitive plants. These facts and evident changes raise many questions such as following: how long will electricity from fossil fuels stay competitive, how the extraction of fossil fuels is influenced by CO2 prices. 1.2. Problem definition From all of the above it can clearly be seen that the CO2 price is influencing the value of coal and its extraction path.[20] Questions this thesis is dealing with are how the extraction path is affected by the CO2 price, and what the optimal path of using coal is. For many companies, i.e. in coal mining and coal utilizing, this question is essential, since they already face significant changes in profitability. The thesis is aimed at describing the optimal extraction path of exhaustible resource (coal) without and then with CO2 considerations. That will allow to compare and to see the changes in paths. Coal-related industries will be discussed here, but similarly the approaches can be used for other exhaustible fossil fuels. Since coal is an exhaustible resource, for describing its optimal extraction path we will use the exhaustible resource economic theory, to be more precise, Hotellings theory, which determines the optimal extraction path of exhaustible resource. Hotellings rule is one of the required conditions of optimality of the extraction path. The optimal extraction path means that the miner is maximising his profit if he follows this path. Besides that, we widen the scope of the work and change the condition of maximising the profit and look at the case when a miner aims to prolong the life-time of the mine as much as possible. We will also consider different markets types: competitive and monopoly. For modelling all the scenarios in the mentioned conditions, a single mine which is situated in Germany will be used, and we will assume that all coal is burned at the power plant for production of electricity which belongs to the same company as the mine. 1.3. Relevance We aim to determine how the EU ETS is influencing the extraction path of the coal and its value. This question is very important for the mine owner, as it allows him to choose the right strategy for production and exploitation, depending on the new market conditions with costs for CO2. That is essential for the economic survival of the miner. And for us, the task is therefore to determine the influence of CO2 price on the extraction path of a coal mine. First, we will construct the model without consideration of CO2 price in two different market conditions, and afterwards we include CO2 price considerations. As mentioned before, we will discuss the case when a miner wants to maximize the life-time of the mine. The reasons for that might be to save jobs or governmental directives. This case also will be studied in different markets. 1.4. Goals The goal of the work is to construct simplified models, on the base of Hotellings rule theory, which will determine the optimal extraction paths of coal and extraction paths leading to maximization of life-time, for one single mine situated in Germany in different market conditions without and with CO2 price consideration. Afterwards, on the base of models including into them numerical data, we aim to show the scale of the CO2 price affecting the extraction path. 1.5. Structure The current chapter, chapter one, gives an introduction into the topic, determines the goals of the paper, explains the motivation of the research done in the work, supports it with topical data. The second chapter contains the theoretical base for the further research. It describes Hotellings rule extraction of exhaustible resources, discusses the crucial points of the theory, and gives the basic model of optimal extraction of exhaustible resource. In the third chapter, models of optimal extraction of coal in different conditions are developed. At the beginning, the models represent the optimal extraction path of competitive market and then monopoly market. Next, cases are discussed in which the company is maximising the life-time of the mine also in two market types. Afterwards, the CO2 price is integrated into the models, and the change in extraction paths is described. At the end, two numerical examples are given, and calculated to find two optimal extraction paths without CO2 and then with it. The last chapter, chapter four, gives the summary of the whole master thesis and its results.  ­Ã‚ ­Chapter 2: The theory of exhaustible resources 2.1. Overview This chapter is dedicated to Hotellings theory itself, since we use it to determine extraction paths of coal. It contains the theoretical background for further models construction, and allows to understand the theory deeper. Next, Hotellings rule is discussed. Afterwards, we discuss different parameters which can influence the rule, since these considerations are necessary for construction of the models and making appropriate assumptions for them. At the end of this chapter the basic model of optimal extraction of exhaustible resource is given. On the basis of this model, in the following chapter, we will build models with considerations of different market conditions and CO2 price. The main questions of the economics of exhaustible resources are: what is the optimal rate of exploration of the resource by company, the price path of the exhaustible resource and how does it change through time? These are the questions which we are interested in. And since coal is exhaustible resource, this theory is applicable to our case. Exhaustible resources are those that are available in fixed quantities. They dont exhibit significant growth or renewal over the time. Coal is exhaustible resource; its amount in deposits is fixed and doesnt grow over time. Pindyck distinguishes between exhaustible and non-renewable resources[21] by noting that, while the latter do not exhibit growth or regeneration, new reserves can be acquired through exploratory effort and discovery.[22] Since the first one is more wide spread, in this work the term exhaustible resources will be used for indication of this type of resources. In 1914 L. C. Gray dealt with questions of natural resource economics. He examined the supply behaviour over time of an individual extractor who anticipates a sequence of real prices and attempts to maximize discounted profits.[23] Harold Hotelling extended Grays theory by predicting the sequence of market prices that Gray took as given in his work â€Å"The Economics of Exhaustible Resources† in 1931, which then became a seminal paper on the economics of exhaustible resources.[24] 2.1.1. Hotellings rule Hotellings rule, as described in his paper entitled â€Å"The Economics of Exhaustible Resources†, is an economic theory, pointing out how the prices should behave under a specified (and very restrictive) set of conditions.[25] It states that competitive mine owners, maximizing the present value of their initial reserves, should extract a quantity such that price of the exhaustible resource rise at the rate of interest.[26] In other words, if we assume that P0 is the initial price of the resource, Pt is the price of resource at some point of time, i is interest rate, then:[27] (1)Hotellings rule is based on the following assumptions:[28]  § the mine owners objective is to maximize the present value of his current and future profits. This requires that extraction takes place along an efficient path in a competitive industry equilibrium, which implies that all mines are identical in terms of costs and that they are all price takers in a perfect and instantaneous market of information.  § the mine is perfectly competitive and has no control over the price it receives for its production.  § mine production is not constrained by existing capacity; it may produce as much or as little as it likes at any time during the life of the mine.  § the ore deposit has a capitalized value. That is, a copper or gold deposit in the ground is a capital asset to its owner (and society) in the same way as any other production facility. Furthermore, he assumed that the richest and most accessible deposits would be mined first, and that increasing scarcity (after exhaustion of the best mines) would confer capitalized value on inferior deposits, which could then be mined.  § the resource stock is homogenous and consequently there is no uncertainty about the size, grade and tonnage of the ore deposit. Current and future prices and extraction costs are known. This implies that an ore body has uniform quality or grade throughout and that there is no change in grade of the ore as mining proceeds. Miners and grade control officers, who endeavour to supply the mill only with ore above a certain grade, recognize this fifth assumption to be major departure from reality. The topic of uncertain reserves is discussed in more details in section 2.1.5 of the thesis.  § The sixth assumption is that the costs of mining or extraction do not change as the orebody is depleted. Again, this assumption does not recognize that all mines face increasing costs as the ores are depleted. Underground mining costs increase as the mining face becomes longer and deeper and moves further away from the shaft system, while in open pit operations haul roads become longer and pits become progressively larger and deeper. A rider to Hotellings assumption that the marginal unit (standard mining unit) is accessible at the same constant cost, is the assumption that the marginal cost of extraction in this particular case is zero. In addition, it implies that the market price and the rate of extraction are connected by a stable, downward sloping demand curve for the resource.[29] In this constrained model the size of the remaining stock declines without ever being augmented by exploration discoveries. To the topic of cost of extraction is also dedicated the section 2.1.4 of the thesis.  § The final assumption is that there is no technological improvement during the life of the mine and that no new additions to the resource stock are contributed by exploration. Sections 2.1.7 and 2.1.8. are discussing technological progress and â€Å"backstop† resources, which are also connected to technological progress. Hotellings model predicts a general rise in commodity prices over time. The model has been used by numerous authors as a useful reference point in discussions on the various dimensions of mineral supply and availability. Among the factors that the model helps introduce are that:[30]  § Prices are a useful indicator of scarcity, if markets are functioning well (section 2.1.3 is discussing the question of resource scarcity)  § The effects of exploration and technological innovation significantly and importantly influence mineral availability over time  § Market structure matters (competition versus monopoly)  § Mineral resources are not homogeneous  § Backstop technologies limit the degree to which prices can increase  § Substitution is an important response to increased scarcity  § Changes in demand influence price and availability. In other words, the model provides a vehicle for introducing the various dimensions of mineral supply and scarcity.[31] But since Hotellings rule uses a number of assumptions, it might not coincide with reality completely. The next part discusses the empirical validation of Hotellings rule. 2.1.2. Empirical validation of Hotellings rule All the assumptions of the model mentioned before diminish the potential value of the application of the model for the miner in the real world. In an attempt to validate Hotellings rule, much research effort has been directed to empirical testing of that theory. But unfortunately, till now there is no consensus of opinion coming from empirical analysis.[32] One way of testing Hotellings rule seems to be clear: collect time-series data on the price of a resource, and see if the proportionate growth rate of the price is equal to r. This was done by Barnett and Morse. They found that resource prices including iron, copper, silver and timber fell over time, which was a most disconcerting result for proponents of the standard theory.[33] Other research came up with absolutely different results which could not assess whether the theory is right or wrong. But the problem is far more difficult than this to settle, and a direct examination of resource prices is not a reasonable way to proceed. The variable Pt in Hotellings rule is the net price (or rent, or royalty) of the resource, not its market price. Roughly speaking, these are related as follows: pt= Pt +b (2) where pt is the gross (or market) price of the extracted resource, Pt is net price of the resource (unextracted), and b the marginal extraction cost. According to the equation (2), if the marginal cost of extraction is falling, pt might be falling even though Pt is rising. So, evidence of falling market prices cannot, in itself, be regarded as invalidating the Hotelling principle.[34] This suggests that the right data to use is the resource net price, but this is an unobservable variable as well as i. So its possible to construct a proxy for it, by subtracting marginal costs from the gross market price to arrive at the net price. This difficult approach was pursued by a number of researchers. Slade made one the earliest studies of this type. She concluded that some resources have U-shaped quadratic price paths, having fallen in the past due to changes in demand or costs of extraction, but later rising.[35] The other study of this type is by Stollerys, which generally supported the Hotelling hypothesis with an example of the nickel market by calculating the resource rent per ton of nickel.[36] Thirdly, Halvorsen and Smith tested the theory and concluded, that â€Å"using data for the Canadian metal mining industry, the empirical implications of the theory of exhaustible resources are strongly rejected†.[37] If it can be shown that prices for exhaustible resource did not rise at the rate i, it does not necessarily mean that Hotellings rule is not right. There are several circumstances where the resource prices may fall over time even where Hotellings rule is being followed. For example, a sequence of new mineral discoveries could lead to a downward-sloping path of the resources net price. Pindyck first demonstrated that in his seminal paper. If the resource extraction takes place in non-competitive markets, the net price will also rise less quickly than the discount rate. And in the presence of technical progress continually reducing extraction costs, the market price may fall over time, thereby contradicting a simple Hotelling rule.[38] Named before facts show numerous contradictions which researchers face while dealing with Hotellings rule. But inspite of all these problems, the theory remains appealing. In their conclusion, Devarajan and Fisher state that Hotellings article is â€Å"the sole source of work in a vigorously growing branch of economics†.[39] Solow stated that, â€Å"Good theory is usually trying to tell you something, even if it is not the literal truth†.[40] So although the economics of exhaustible resources does not cover the real world of mining and mineral extraction to any large extent, it is still worthwhile to re-examine the theory. Also, many studies relaxed the assumptions of Hotelling, which introduced flexibility and widened the scope of the model applications.[41] Next some of the most important factors influencing the Hotelling model will be discussed. As can be clearly seen from formula 1, the main variable is the price of the resource. On what does it depend? Which parameters function is it? As in the thesis will be considered a single mine case, in the discussion we take into consideration mainly single mine factors, which are:  § scarcity rent ( see section 2.1.3)  § cost of extraction (see section 2.1.4)  § uncertain reserves the amount of the resource left in the mine, discovery of new reserves (see section 2.1.5)  § demand in the market (see section 2.1.6)  § technological progress (see section 2.1.7)  § â€Å"backstop† technologies (see section 2.1.8)  § market structure: competitive (see section 3.3.1) or monopoly (see section 3.3.2) Now we have a closer look at these parameters, since further description of the scenarios in different markets might require taking some of the facts into consideration. 2.1.3. Resource Scarcity Hotellings rule is determining the price of exhaustible resource and the extraction path of it. This price, along with other costs, covers resource scarcity, and a large part of the Hotellings theory is dedicated to resource scarcity. Since it may influence the price of the resource and the extraction path, we discuss it more in details. Worries about resource scarcity can be traced back to medieval times in Britain, and have surfaced periodically ever since. The scarcity of land was central to the theories of Malthus and other classical economists. What do we mean by resource scarcity? One use of the term to be called absolute scarcity holds that all resources are scarce, as the availab ­ility of resources is fixed and finite at any point in time, while the wants which resource use can satisfy are not limited.[42] But this is not the usual meaning of the term in general discussions about natural resource scarcity. In these cases, scarcity tends to be used to indicate that the natural resource is becoming harder to obtain, and requires more of other resources to obtain it. The relevant costs to include in measures of scarcity are both private and external costs. It is important to recognize that, if private extraction costs are not rising over time, social costs may rise if negative externalities such as environmental degrada ­tion or depletion of common property resources are increasing as a consequence of extraction of the natural resource. Thus, a rising opportunity cost of obtaining the resource is an indicator of scarcity let us call this use of the term relative scarcity.[43] There are several indicators that one might use to assess the degree of scarcity of particular natural resources, and natural resources in general including physical indicators (such as reserve quantities or reserve-to-consumption ratios), marginal resource extraction cost, marginal exploration and discovery costs, market prices, and resource rents. Scarcity is concerned with the real opportunity cost of acquiring additional quantit ­ies of the resource. This suggests that the marginal extraction cost of obtaining the resource from exist ­ing reserves would be an appropriate indicator of scarcity. Unfortunately, no clear inference about scarcity can be drawn from extraction cost data alone. Barnett and Morse, studying marginal resource extraction costs, found no evidence of increasing scarcity, except for forestry.[44] The most commonly used scarcity indicator is time-series data on real (that is, inflation-adjusted) market prices. It is here that the affinity between tests of scarcity and tests of the Hotelling principle is most apparent. Market price data are readily available, easy to use and, like all asset prices, are forward-looking, to some extent at least. Use of price data has three main problems. First, prices are often distorted as a consequence of taxes, subsidies, exchange con ­trols and other governmental interventions. Reliable measures need to be corrected for such distortions. Secondly, the real price index tends to be very sens ­itive to the choice of deflator. Should nominal prices be deflated by a retail or wholesale price index (and for which basket of goods), by the GDP deflator, or by some input price index such as manufacturing wages?[45] The third major problem with resource price data is that market prices do not in general measure the right thing. An ideal price measure would reflect the net price of the resource. Hotellings rule shows that it rises through time as the resource becomes progressively scarcer. But net resource prices are not directly observed variables, and so it is rather difficult to use them as a basis for empirical analysis.[46] Stern distinguishes two major concepts of scarcity: exchange scarcity and use scarcity. Rents and prices measure the private exchange scarcity of stocks and commodities, respectively, for those wishing to purchase them. They are not necessarily good measures of scarcity for society as a whole or for resource owners. Though originally intended as an indicator of the classical natural or real price, unit cost can be reinterpreted as an indicator of use scarcity. Unit cost or related measures are possible indicators of use scarcity but are not perfect either as a social scarcity indicator they do not reflect downstream technical improvements in resource use, availability of substitutes, or, as in the case of price, the impact of environmental damage associated with resource extraction and use on welfare. All individual indicators of scarcity have limitations. There is no â€Å"correct† way to measure resource scarcity.[47] 2.1.4. Cost of extraction The cost of extraction of an exhaustible resource is discussed in this section, since these costs, similarly to resource scarcity, are also included in the price of resource. Any changes in them can affect the resource price and the extraction path of it, and further we need to make appropriate assumptions. A number of researchers have attempted to provide deterministic explanations for deviations from the Hotelling price path based on the properties of the extraction cost function [Solow and Wan (1976), Hanson (1980), and Roumasset, Isaak, and Fesharaki (1983)]. They argue that, holding technology and knowledge of the stock of the resource constant, the most easily accessible sources of the resource will be exploited first. This suggests that extraction costs should rise over time, and this will affect the resource price path [Dasgupta and Heal (1974, 1979)]. However, extraction costs alone-unless changed unexpectedly-do not explain why prices have not risen.[48] 2.1.5. Uncertain Reserves The change in reserves may influence the resource scarcity value, the price of the resource and demand in the market, any of these changes affects the Hotellings rule. We discuss reserves change to have better understanding of it, as then we need to make an assumption about it to construct the model. Changes in extraction and exploration technology all affect the size of the stock of proven, or extractible, reserves. This uncertainty about the reserve base contrasts with another underlying assumption in the Hotelling model. Constant real appreciation in exhaustible resource prices is derived in this model because the reserve stock is known with certainty (as are the demand function and extraction costs). In practice, however, reserves are not known with certainty and have increased dramatically over time, often in large, discrete leaps.[49] The effect of uncertain reserves on the optimal depletion path has been examined in a number of studies. An unanticipated shock to reserves can cause a shift among optimal paths. A sudden, unanticipated increase in proven reserves causes the price trajectory to fall to assure full resource exhaustion. Observed prices in these models fall sharply when the discovery is made.[50] In addition to unanticipated shocks to the reserve base, a number of these models address the impact of endogenous exploration behaviour on the resource price path. As shown by Arrow and Chang, exploration tends to accelerate as the stock of known reserves declines and the price of the resource rises. With major new discoveries, exploration tends to slow until scarcity again becomes important.[51] The implied price path, therefore, is one that rises and falls, with little apparent trend. As pointed out by Pindyck, uncertainty about the stock of reserves is consistent with observed price behavior, although such uncertainty does not fully explain that behaviour.[52] Clearly, reserve shocks have played an important role in preventing the Limits to Growth scenario from occurring by consistently raising the size of the resource stock. The timing of reserve discoveries and shifts in price trajectories, however, do not coincide precisely as the theory would predict. Announcements of large new deposits have sometimes caused prices to move, but often there is little immediate response.[53] In any case, the frequency with which shocks to the reserve base have occurred either because of luck or because of the endogenous response of enhanced exploration activity raises an important issue regarding the degree to which these resources really are exhaustible. The steady rise in reserves, despite growing demand, which depict a steady upward trend in consumption), may argue for decreasing scarcity value of the resource over time.[54] D.B. R