Biofuel: Ethanol Alternative to Transportation Essay -- Politics Oil

Biofuel: Ethanol Alternative to Transportation For the past three decades Oil dominates the agenda of political discussion. With scares over price volatility, sizes of reserves, international imports and least of which are the environmental impacts due to carbon dioxide and other emissions. Various speculations and educated guesses place our total depletion of crude oil within the next 50 years and there is a general consensus between environmentalists that we steer toward a hydrogen transportation system given the projected work and nonexistent carbon dioxide emissions (Environmental Technologies class lecture, Santa Clara University). However many barriers stand in the way of attaining such a goal, most of which pertaining to the conservative nature of society. Society works in intermediary changes, a series of steps that blend rather than abandon one method of living for another. The option 22 states have chosen, is ethanol a combustive liquid fuel that could progressively move the United States toward a clean and su stainable environment and economy. Ethanol is an alcohol molecule consisting of two carbon molecules and six hydrogen molecules. Ethanol production in the United States results as a chemical byproduct from our most abundant food stock†¦ corn. Through four well known and commonly practiced chemical processes, Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Distillation and Dehydration. Hydrolysis is used to break down the corn into simple sugars which when added to yeast in the second processes of Fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/abc_biofuels.html). The final two processes of distillation and dehydration merely removes sediment and waters that result from production o... ...gy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. U.S. Department of Energy. http://www.eere.energy.gov/. 4/29/2004. 7)â€Å"Increasing America’s Use of Renewable and Alternative Energy.† U.S. Department of Energy. â€Å"Nature’s Power† Ch. 6 pp. 1-18. 8)National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition. Purchasing Guide for Flexible-Fuel Vehicles. www.E85Fuel.com. 9)Rezendes, Victor S. â€Å"Gasohol: Federal Agencies’ Use of Gasohol Limited by High Prices and Other Factors.† United States General Accounting Office. Gaithersburg, MD. December 1994. 10)Shapouri, Hosein; Duffield, James A.; Wang, Michael. â€Å"The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update.† United States Printing Office. Washington, D.C. July 2002. 11)Shapouri, Hosein; Duffield, James A.; Wang, Michael. â€Å"USDA’s 1998 U.S. Ethanol Cost-of-Production Survey.† United States Printing Office. Washington D.C. January 2002.

Changes in family life since the 1970s Essay

Outline some of the major changes that have taken place in family life since the 1970s and discuss the concerns arising from these changes. In the past many families were similar, as traditional nuclear families were the excepted norm of society. Since the 1970’s a number of major changes have taken place in family life. The traditional nuclear family is no longer seen as the norm as many other types of specialist families have developed to best suit the needs of the people within them. Family life is very complex and in recent years sociologists have sort to find new ways to understand it. However with these changes there have also been a number of concerns, which may suggest that not all changes have improved family life. One way in which the family unit has changed since the 1970’s is the change in marriage rates. While marriage in the UK is still the majority among families, there has been a decline in the number of marriages, the age in which people are choosing to marry and the duration of marriages. In 1971 1% of all marriages in the UK ended after two years. In 1996 this figure increased to 9%. (Mark Kirby, 2000, p. 58). This suggests that marriage less important than it once was. There are a number for reasons as to why there is a change in marriage. It is argued that because women now have more freedom of choice than they did in the past, they may be choosing simply not to marry. Others suggest that women are now choosing to put off marriage till a later date so that they can focus on their careers and education. Another reason for the change in marriage could be due to the undermining of the need to marry, now that it has become socially acceptable to cohabit or be single, many people choose not to marry. As well as this women are no longer dependant on men to be a ‘bread winner’ and provide for them. Lorraine Harding (1996) argues that the main decline in marriage occurred around the 1970’s due to greater levels of unemployment. Strain may have been put on the ‘breadwinner’ to support the family causing the breakdown of the marriage. ‘On this basis it could be argued that it is not the decline of the conventional family since 1970 that should need explaining, but rather its unusual popularity between 1945 and 1970’. (Mark Kirby, 2000, pp. 69-70) Another major change that has taken place in family life since the 1970’s is the increase in the number of divorces. In 1970 80,000 couples got divorced in the UK, that figure has risen to 125,000 in 2003. (Scott, 2007, p. 466) It is argued that this increase is due to the 1969 Divorce Reform Act which made getting a divorce much easier. Women had more opportunity to work and therefor they were less dependent on men. State benefits gave women greater chance of leaving a marriage. (Scott, 2007, pp. 467-469). However with divorce there are a number of concerns that can arise in family life. It is believed that divorce is the main contributor to lone parent families who are considered to be at higher risk of poverty. This is considered an unhealthy environment to bring up children as they may feel unsettled. Children may lose touch with the other parent and gain step parents. This in extension can effect socialisation, education and their family life in the future. Some sociologists also argue that children whose parents have had a divorce are more likely to get a divorce when they are older. Giddens found that two-fifths of all marriages in the UK now end in divorce. The number of marriages has fallen while the number of divorces has risen. (Giddens, 2009, pp. 350-351) Cohabitation has increased sharply in recent years. It is seen as a prelude to marriage or an alternative and in some cases it replace marriage altogether. ‘In 1986 11 per cent of non-married men under the age of 60 were in cohabiting relationships, but by 2004 this figure had risen to 24 per cent. The comparable figures for women were 13 per cent in 1986 and 25 per cent in 2004’ (Social Trends, 2006) This goes to show that cohabitation is one alternative to the traditional nuclear family that people are choosing to take. In the UK today 73 per cent of women say they live with a man before they are married. However with cohabitation there have been a number of concerns suggested by sociologists. Some sociologists argue that because there is less commitment within a cohabiting relationship then they are less stable and more likely to break down. This could lead to poverty for the women and children involved. As well as this a cohabiting couple are more likely to seek stat e benefits and put a strain on the economy. Antony Giddens argues the idea of a pure relationship. He believes that  couples in Modern society choose now not to marry for love and intimacy but to cohabit and have a relationship that best suits them. He believes that in the past couples were bound by the contract of love and it would often be difficult to get and divorce and end a relationship. Giddens argues that divorce is increasing due to people having much more choice in their lives. If a relationship no longer continues to suit the interests of the people within it then it is easy to simply leave. Giddens says: ‘What holds the pure relationship together is the acceptance on the part of each partner, â€Å"until further notice†, that each gains a significant benefit from the relationship to make its continuance worthwhile.’ (Holborn, 2004) The love within the relationship is governed by the amount of venerability the other is prepared to show. Giddens also saw that in the past families would have been headed by a single male breadwinner who provided for the whole family while the wife stayed at home. This has now changed and men and women have become more equal within contemporary society. This therefor suggests that men and women have also become equal within relationships. Pure relationships are quickly becoming more popular as our self-centred society develops. Within contemporary society we have more choice; this has now adapted the way we look at traditional ’till-death-us-do-part’ marriages and traditional nuclear families. (Elliott, 2008) ‘Living apart together’ is a term that is used for a family where one of the partners may live away for work or simply to maintain their independence. This follows on from the idea of a pure relationship as it is more causal for the people involved and it meets everyone needs. A problem that may arise from ‘LAT’ families is that it could be disruptive for children as they would not have a single home. It also shows a lack of commitment from the couple to move in together and get married. Although ‘LAT’ families are becoming increasingly common, they may still often be not seen as the best way to live as a family. Lone parent’s families are becoming increasing common within the UK today. There have been significant increases in lone parent families since the 1970’s. This could be due to higher rates of divorce and cohabitation break down. Lone parents also have a reduced likelihood for marriage in the future  with lone parent working class men having the lowest chance to marry. In 2004 73 per cent of lone mothers and 50 per cent lone fathers had dependent children. (Giddens, 2009, p. 355) This creates a concern with lone parents as it is believed that lone parents are more likely to be in poverty and dependant on state benefits. It is argued that the child from a lone parent household is less likely to do well in education and is more likely to become a lone parent in the future. With less time to get an education it is also common for a lone parent to have low or no qualifications and poor pay. Lone parents can get caught in a poverty trap as they do not have the time to earn good money and improve their education. Some lone parents may wait until their children have grown up, and go into higher education at a later date. With the increasing number of divorces and remarriages there has also be an increase in reconstituted families. Reconstituted families often bring two families together that have divorced parents. These types of family can generate some concerns as in many cases it is difficult for the children of the family to accept new relationships. In extension to this within reconstituted families there is a higher rate of child abuse. This could be due to the sometimes overwhelming environment of two families living together. They are also more likely to face economic hardship. Divorce rates in reconstituted families are higher than that of first marriages. Same sex partnerships have received a lot of media attention in recent years. This is due to the very idea of sexuality being a topic of interest within society. It is only since December 2005 that gay and lesbian couples could get a civil partnership. If they wish to have children then they have to choose from adoption, artificial insemination, fostering or if they had a child from a past heterosexual relationship. This can be good for the child as they may choose to counteract patriarchy. However on the other hand there are many aspects of a same sex partnership that could raise some concerns. For example the very nature of such a relationship challenges strongly held values and norms within society. This could therefor create conflict with other members of society. If there is a child involved this may not be the best environment to bring them up. In 2009 Elton John and his partner David  Furnish were looking to adopt a child from the Ukraine. They faced problems when EveryChild, an international children’s charity, said _†it was concerned by the singer’s announcement that he and partner David Furnish wanted to adopt a 14-month-old boy called Lev. The organization said that while it praised John’s help in raising awareness about children affected by HIV in Ukraine, it said the answer did not lie in international adoption, arguing that more children might be left in children’s homes as a result of another celebrity adoption†._ (Press Association, 2009) As well as this many people believe that it is inappropriate to bring a child up with same sex parents. It is believed that this will have an effect on their sexuality without giving them a fair choice. With society becoming more multicultural some people from other religions may condemn the idea of same sex couples. This could leave them marginalised on the edge of society. In some extreme cases there have been ‘Honour Killings’ from some families in order to protect their image. With an increase in same sex couples there has also been more of a demand for fertility and reproductive technology. These men and women are looking to artificial insemination to help them to have a child. On the other hand however heterosexual men and women, may also require such technology if they have a problem with conception. This has helped women whom have put off parenthood in order to focus on their careers and education. As women get older their fertility rate falls, 1 in 5 women will reach the end of their fertile life childless. This new technology can help families to have children whereas in the past they may not have been able. There has also been an increase in younger women becoming surrogate mothers for older women who can no longer have children. Another technology that has had a large effect on family life is contraception. In the past, families often had many more children than in contemporary society. This was so their children could go to work and provide for the family, but also because they didn’t have the technology. Contraception has become increasing important over recent years with youth  culture of today ‘Drugs, Sex, Rock and Roll’. In contrast to this idea, there has been an increase in teen parents over recent years, suggesting that more could be done to stop such families. Other generations within the family are increasingly having a greater influence. In the past due to poor healthcare many children would never have met their grandparents as they would have died at a younger age. In modern society grandparents and great grandparents are now increasingly part of the family. This can create tensions between caring for the older members of the family and the younger ones. It can also have a structural issue as the older generations of the family may become a burden if there is a break down in the relationship or a divorce. In conclusion there are a number of changes that have taken place in the family since the 1970’s. Not all of these changes have had positive effects. There have also been a number of negatives. With such a large change within society concerns will arise, it is how these concerns are dealt with that will determine the future of the family unit. There are some sociologists that believe that the family is still just as strong as it has always been even with the loss of traditional families. _†Family living also offers an opportunity for intimacy, a word with Latin roots meaning ‘sharing fears’. That is, as a result of sharing a wide range of activities over a long period of time, members of families forge emotional bonds. Of course, the fact that parents act as authority figures often inhabits their communication with young children. But as young people reach adulthood, kinship ties typically ‘open up’ as family members recognise that they share concern for one another’s welfare†_ (Plummer, 2002, p. 441) This suggests that it does not matter what shape or size a family is, but if it teaches the people within it to become good adults and care for others then it will have fulfilled its purpose. With the ever changing and diverse nature of the society in which we live families have simply become more specialised, and the people within them are no longer bound by what is  socially acceptable.

Cost Push Inflation On The Prices - 1101 Words

Cost-push inflation further occurs when businesses respond to rising costs, by increasing their prices to protect profit margins. There are many reasons why costs might rise. Some of these reasons are: ïÆ' ¼ Component costs: e.g. an increase in the prices of raw materials and components. This might be because of a rise in global commodity prices such as oil, gas copper and agricultural products used in food processing – a good recent example is the surge in the world price of wheat. ïÆ' ¼ A fall in the exchange rate – this can cause cost push inflation because it normally leads to an increase in the prices of imported products. For example during 2007-08 the pound fell heavily against the Euro leading to a jump in the prices of imported materials from Euro Zone countries. Cost-push inflation can be illustrated by an inward shift of the short run aggregate supply curve. The fall in SRAS causes a contraction of GDP together with a rise in the level of prices. One of the risks of cost-push inflation is that it can lead to stagflation. Important note: Many of the causes of cost-push inflation come from external economic shocks – e.g. unexpected volatility in the prices of internationally traded commodities and large-scale movements in variables such as the exchange rate. A country can also import cost-push inflation from another country that is suffering from rising inflation of its own. ïÆ'Ëœ Demand-pull Inflation This is a kind of inflation which is as a result of a persistent increase inShow MoreRelated The Causes of Inflation Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesCauses of Inflation There are three major causes of inflation: 1. Demand - pull inflation 2. Cost - push inflation 3. Monetarist Theory 1. Demand - Pull Inflation ========================== This type of inflation is caused by excess aggregate demand, exceeding aggregate supply. Quite simply too much demand is chasing too few goods. 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Writing argumentative essay

Writing an argumentative essay is not a simple task. In order to produce good essay you have to understand what it exactly is and what should be included in argumentative essay. You have to understand that argumentation is providing proofs (facts, opinions arguments) that support your main idea, the thing that you believe in. So first of all you have to decide for yourself, what is the idea that you want to communicate and prove to others. It is also important to choose the aim of your paper. Argumentative essays may have different purposes: to persuade the audience to change their opinion, to communicate precise idea, or to prove its meaning or value and the reason for distinct position. While writing the argumentative essay you should start with introducing the idea. Then provide arguments for your idea and counter-arguments for the statements that deny your point. Do not also forget to include the objections against your idea, otherwise the audience will not consider proves that you provide to be fair. Also when providing counter-arguments you demonstrate to the audience that you have carefully reviewed all sides of the problem and considered all possible points before proving your opinion. The argumetation can be organized differently in the essay. There are two most common ways of organizing. The first one is called clustering. When using this technique you firstly provide proofs, then objections, and at last refute the opposite ideas. The other organization technique is called alternating. Here, you provide both evidences and objections for each point and then move to other aspects of the problem. When writing the argumentative essay, do not forget to consider the audience that you are writing to. Consider its opinions and then carefully point by point communicate you idea. If the audience has completely opposite opinion then your arguments should be strong enough to prove your point, however if the audience has no concrete opinion concerning the topic it is much easier to explain your reasoning. Finally, when checking your work, look at it critically. It is hard, but while reading consider it to be not your work, but someone else. Read it like if you have never seen it before. If while reading you believe in what you read and trust the evidences that are provided there, then you have completed the essay properly; but if you have doubt about something, read again and try to understand what makes you worried. Only through scrutinizing and rereading the work you wrote time and again you will be able to make it professional, containing more valuable information and well structured. This is the way to brilliant writing and the only way to make your professor happy.

Conflict Analysis Mexico And Central America - 1687 Words

In this paper, I will focus on Policy Issues through Conflict Analysis in Latin America. First, I will talk about the differences and critiques in the Merida Initiative: Mexico and Central America. Then, I will focus on â€Å"Drug War†: Lenses, Frames, and â€Å"Seeing† Solutions. I will then talk about, â€Å"conflict analysis ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬, a lens for viewing conflict that brings into focus a multilevel, integrative diagnosis of the violence in Mexico and supports recent evolutions in Plan Merida toward a more holistic peace-building approach† (Carpenter, 2013). In other words, conflict analysis focuses on the determination of conflict in Mexico and aids current advancement in Plan Merida regarding a non-violence approach. Finally, I will focus on â€Å"conflict analysis lens to the war in Mexico to identify its multiple causes and entry points for multidimensional intervention strategies† (Carpenter, 2013). That is to say, the conflict analysis lens e xplores the origins and possible actions of policies taken regarding the war in Mexico. I will be discussing policies that are flawed and conflict analysis. Merida Initiative: Mexico and Central America The article â€Å"Changing Lenses: Conflict Analysis and Mexico’s ‘Drug War’† states the different approaches of the Merida Initiative in Mexico and in Central America (Carpenter, 2013). 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Margaret Sanger A Quest for Birth Control free essay sample

This essay discusses both the positive and negative aspects of Margaret Sangers work educating women about contraception. This paper examines the controversial life and work of Margaret Sanger, and her drive to provide women with an education regarding birth control. The author discusses Sangers views on pregnancy, contraception, and the early beginnings of planned parenthood. The early twentieth century was a revolutionary turning point in American history. This was especially true regarding woman and their rights. During this time period, there was a tremendous amount of human suffering. Those who endured much of this were women. Although there were many women who made their mark on history during this time period, Margaret Sanger was among the most influential, yet controversial women of her time. Her work in creating what is today known as Planned Parenthood, and her avocations to legalize birth control, remain a controversy to this day.

Safe Practice and Environment Essay Example

Safe Practice and Environment Paper Maintaining a safe environment reflects a level of compassion and vigilance for patient welfare that is as important as any other aspect of competent health care. The way to improve safety is to learn about causes of error and use this knowledge to design systems of care to make errors less common and less harmful when they do occur. As a result, nurses and other health care providers have intensified their efforts to understand and change organizational conditions, components, and processes of health care systems as they relate to patient safety. There are key elements in the workplace that trenches and support the workforce and, in turn, have a positive impact on patient outcomes and organizational cost effectiveness. These factors, when in place and supported by appropriate resources (both financial and human), go a long way in ensuring the establishment and maintenance of an effective health care professional workforce and, ultimately, the overall quality of health systems. Establishing positive practice environments across health sectors worldwide is of paramount importance if patient safety and health workers wellbeing are to be guaranteed. All health sector stakeholders, be hey employer or employee, private or public, governmental or non- governmental, have their respective and specific roles and responsibilities to foster a positive practice environment. They must work in concert if quality workplaces for quality care is to be achieved. Safe Practice and Environment Goal: Patients, staff and other individuals within the organization are provided a safe, functional and effective environment of care. Standards a. The organization plans a safe and effective environment of care consistent with its mission, services, and with laws and regulations. We will write a custom essay sample on Safe Practice and Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Safe Practice and Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Safe Practice and Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Criteria: The organizational environment complies with structural standards and safety codes as prescribed by law. There are management plans which address safety, security, disposal and control of hazardous materials and biological wastes, emergency and disaster preparedness, fire safety, radiation safety and utility systems. There are management plans for the safe and efficient use of medical equipment according to specifications. The organization maintains current licenses and permits that ensure safe and effective operations. Such permits include, but are not limited to, occupancy, electrical, plumbing, radiation safety, fire safety, occupational safety, food storage and handling and waste disposal. B. The organization provides a safe and effective environment of care consistent with its mission and services, and with laws and regulations. Criteria Policies and procedures that address safety, security, control of hazardous materials and biological wastes, emergency and disaster preparedness, fire safety, radiation safety and utility systems are documented and implemented. Policies and procedures for the safe and efficient use of medical equipment according to specifications are documented and implemented. The design of patient areas provides sufficient space for safety, comfort and privacy of the patient and for emergency care. All personnel understand and fulfill their role in safe practice. Risks are identified, assessed and appropriately controlled. Where elimination or substitution is not possible, adequate warning and protection devices are used. A coordinated security arrangement in the organization assures protection of patients, staff, and visitors. . The organization routinely collects and evaluates information to improve the safety and adequacy Of the environment Of care. Criteria The effectiveness of safety procedures and devices are routinely tested, monitored and improved. An incident reporting system identifies potential harms, evaluates causal and contributing factors for the necessary corrective and preventive action. Staff compliance with safety procedures, performance in emergency and fire drills, handling and operation of medical devices are regularly assessed and monitored. Findings of routine checks of equipment and facilities are documented and appropriately reported. Goal: A comprehensive maintenance program ensures a clean and safe environment. Standards a. Emergency light and / or power supply, water and ventilation systems are provided for, in keeping with relevant statutory requirements and codes of practice. B. Regular maintenance of grounds, facilities and equipment in keeping with relevant statutory requirements, codes of practice, or manufacturers specifications are done to ensure a clean and safe environment. C.